


n 



LIBRARY OF CONGRESS. 

G^l 

d%ajt.:r-__. ©opp-igljt "tya.. 



UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 



Humphrey's 




YeceRinARian. 




CD. p. K^fJL^, &.V. 4> 



THE 



VETERINARIAN 



A MANUAL 



PRACTICAL USE 



TO OWNERS OP 



Domestic Animals 



/: j 



/ 



W. P. HUMPHREY, D. V. S. 



Price, $3.00. 



(„APK 27 1888 <7 



Published by X^ J^S"^ 
Humphrey's Veterinary and Family Medicine Manufacturing Company 
Netware, N. J. 



\ 



Copyright 1888, by 

Humphrey's Veterinary and Family Medicinj 

Manufacturing Company. 



Electrotyped and Printed by 
W. H. Shurts, 876 Broad St., Newark, N. J. 






This little work is respectfully dedicated to all interested in 
the welfare of the Horse and other domestic animals, by 

The AUTHOR. 



KINDNESS. 

Kindness to the horse is one of the most impor- 
tant factors in training; the animal to gentleness and 
obedience. Become acquainted with your horse by 
kindness so that he will whinny at your approach. You 
will then have better control over him. When he is 
tired, even though you may be impatient to reach a 
given point, bear with him, recollecting how much he 
has done for you. Coax him, rather than use the lash. 
When not in use do not leave him locked up in the 
stable, to pine for a little fresh air ; for this creates 
disease, besides causing him to become restive. Give 
your horse daily exercise ; he needs it as much as you 
do, and it helps digestion. Have the harness made to 
fit, to avoid bruises and chaffs. In cold weather have 
the bit warmed before placing in the mouth, as frozen 
bits cause smarting sores. In summer always use nets 
to prevent flies from annoying your horse. Be careful 
and not drive the horse further, nor faster than would 
be good for him ; and see that he is properly clothed at 
all seasons. " A merciful man is merciful to his beast." 



PREFACE. 



Our object in publishing this edition is to describe 
in plain, terse language — easily understood by non- 
professional men — the different diseases that domestic 
animals are heir to, with the possible curatives for the 
same. It has been the custom, in publishing works 
on veterinary surgery, to indulge in incomprehensible 
parlance that was but little help to the ordinary 
reader. 

We herewith present our readers with a work that 
will — except in desperate cases — enable them to be- 
come their own veterinarian. The remedies pre- 
scribed herein are as nearly infallible as possible, and 
are highly recommended throughout the world. The 
author is a graduate of the Veterinary College, and, 
having spent eighteen years as a practitioner, feels 
competent to select from the many veterinary works 
the most important notes, in addition to his own valu- 
able experience. 



THE VETERINARIAN. 



AIR. 
The mistaken idea that a horse or a cow should 
be penned up in a close, airless box is an ex- 
ploded theory. Animals need air at night as 
much as human beings. Let the stable be well ven- 
tilated, at the same time avoiding draughts, and 
your animal will be healthier and do you better 
service than if locked in a hot stable. It is a 
mistaken kindness to shut out all air, thinking to 
prevent cold or disease. Close quarters and bad 
drainage in a stable actually create disease. It 
has been supposed that a hot stable was necessary 
to secure a glossy coat. This theory has also 
been proven erroneous. Nature attends to its 
own. What is required is fresh air, good drain- 
age and careful grooming to keep a horse in good 
condition. It has also been stated that clipping 
in winter is cruelty. This may be a fact with 
working or agricultural horses, where they go 



10 THE VETERINARIAN. 

slow, and need their winter overcoats; but 
for a road horse clipping is certainly an 
advantage. No matter how cold the weather, 
a horse will sweat after a hard drive. He 
is led to the stable, and probably blanketed; 
if clipped he will soon become cool and dry; but 
with the long winter coat the hair keeps damp all 
night, thus causing cold. Therefore, it depends 
wholly upon the work the animal has to perform 
as to whether it is a kindness or cruelty to clip. 

THE PULSE. 

The blood flows constantly ; experiments have 
proved it traverses the whole body in a very few 
seconds in a horse, an ox in about twenty sec- 
onds ; dog, fifteen seconds ; goat, twelve seconds ; 
rabbit, six seconds. The great agent of circula- 
tion is the heart. It is a large, hollow, muscular 
organ divided into separate compartments for 
the reception of the blood, and by alternate dila- 
tions and contractions, assisted by valves, the 
current is confined to one direction. The arter- 
ies receive the blood as it leaves the heart, and 
the impulse arising from the presure of an extra 
quantity forced into them is communicated first 
to the column of fluid already within the tube, 



THE VETERINARIAN. 11 

and next to the elastic walls, causing them to ex- 
pand rapidly ; then, by reason of their muscular 
contractility the flow of blood is equalized and 
the vessels return to iheir previous calibre. These 
alternate expansions and contractions are con- 
tinuous, entirely in accordance with the action of 
the heart and are demonstrated "the pulse." 
Without the contractions of the heart there can 
be no pulse, and therefore, we have to learn 
the conditions thus exhibited by the arteries are 
plain indications not only of the heart in health 
and disease, but of the circulation generally. 
The arteries in all parts of the body afford simi- 
lar evidences, but those far removed, as in the 
limbs, do not as a rule expand immediately on 
the contraction of the heart, as in larger trunks 
and those nearer to that organ. A perceptible 
time elapses and the impulse is also somewhat 
diminished. There is no pulse in the veins. As 
the blood passes through the capillaries, which 
are very small and numerous, the current is less 
influenced by the force of the heart, the pulse is 
lost, and the blood returns by the veins in a 
steady, uninterrupted flow. 
; The pulse is conveniently felt at the jaw. At 
this part the sub-maxillary artery comes from the 



18 THE VETERINARIAN. 

inside, and winding along, passes over the lower 
edge of the bone and mounts upwards on the 
outer side of the face, in front of the large, flat 
muscle which closes the jaws. Here the artery 
of the right side is felt by means of the second 
and third fingers of the left hand, which are 
pressed upon it towards the inner side of the 
bone, while the thumb is placed outside in order 
to maintain steady pressure. The artery of the 
left side may be also conveniently examined. 
The circulation is more active in young animals 
than in old ones. Observations establish the 
number of pulsations per minute in different 
animals, in health, as follows : 

Horses - - - 38 to 42. 

Cattle - - - 50 " 55. 

Sheep - - - 70 " 75. 

Hogs - - - 75 " 80. 

STABLE MANAGEMENT. 

BEDDING. 

The vapor of hartshorn, which is so plentifully 
given out from the urine of the horse in a heated 
stable, is a matter of grave consideration to the 
owner, who, while unable to stand the odor five 
minutes, fails to appreciate the fact that his horse 
must breathe the foul air all night. 



THE VETERINARIAN. 18 

The subject of bedding comes naturally next 
in order. The first caution is, frequently to re- 
move it. The early extrication of gas shows the 
rapid putrefaction of the urine ; the consequence 
of which will be the rapid putrefaction of the 
bedding which is moistened by it. Every thing 
hastening to decomposition should be carefully 
removed, where life and health are to be pre- 
served. The bedding which has been much wet 
or at all softened by the urine, and is beginning 
to decay, should be swept away every morning ; 
the greater part of the remainder may then be 
piled under the manger ; a little being left to 
prevent the painful and injurious pressure of 
the feet on the hard pavement during the day. 
The soiled and soaked portion of that which was 
left should be removed at night. In the better 
kind of stables, however, the stalls should be com- 
pletely emptied every morning. 

No heap of fermenting dung should be suf- 
fered to remain during the day in the corner or 
in any part of the stable. 

UfcHf. 

This negle€ted branch of $table*management 
is oi. far more consequence than is generally 



14 THE VETERINARIAN. 

imagined. The farmer's stable is frequently des- 
titute of any glazed window, and has only a 
shutter, which is raised in warm weather, and 
closed when the weather becomes cold. When 
the horse is in the stable only during a few hours 
in the day, this is not of so much consequence, 
nor of so much, probably, with regard to horses 
of slow work ; but to carriage-horses and road- 
sters, so far at least as the eyes are concerned, 
a dark stable is little less injurious than a foul 
and heated one. In order to illustrate this, 
reference may be made to the unpleasant feeling 
and the utter impossibility of seeing distinctly 
when a man suddenly emerges from a dark place 
into the full glare of day. The sensation of 
mingled pain and giddiness is not speedily 
forgotten, and some minutes elapse before 
the eye can accustom itself to the increased 
light. If this were to happen every day, or sev- 
eral times a day, the sight would be irreparably 
injured, or possibly blindness would be the final 
result. We need not wonder, then, that the 
horse, taken from a. dark stable into a blaze of 
light, feeling, probably, as we should under simi- 
lar ' circumstances,' and unable for a'.tirhe to^see 
anything around him cli§tfn6tly,' should become a 



THE VETERINARIAN. 15 

shyer, or that the frequently-repeated, violent ef- 
fect of sudden light should induce inflaraation of 
the eye so intense as to terminate in blindness. 

If plenty of light be admitted, the walls of the 
stable, and especially that portion of them which 
is before the horse's head, must not be of too 
glaring a color. The color of the stable should 
depend on the quantity of light. At any rate, a 
soft, mellow light in a stable is the most condu- 
cive to the healthy repose of the horse. 

FOOD. 

One-half of the diseases of the horse owe their 
origin to over-feeding with hay. This applies 
more particularly to young horses, and to such 
as are not put to severe work. They are ever 
placed before a full rack, and, like children 
gorged with bread and butter, they eat merely for 
amusement, until at length the stomach gradually 
becomes preternaturally distended, the appetite 
increases in a relative proportion, becomes 
sooner or later voracious, and finally merges into 
a mere craving — it being a matter of indifference 
what the food is so that the stomach is filled with 
it. This, depravity. of appetite is^always .accom- 
panied with more or less thirst. This, naturally 



16 THE VETERINARIAN. 

enough, produces general debility of the entire 
digestive function, including stomach, bowels, 
liver, spleen, and pancreas ; worms are produced 
in thousands, and symptoms present themselves 
of so many varied hues that enumeration, far less 
classification, becomes utterly impossible. 

Upon eight pounds of hay daily, with a due 
allowance of oats, a horse can be kept in full 
work in prime health and spirits. It is better to 
keep young horses at grass until about five years 
old, and to work them during that period. When 
kept in the stable and not worked they are apt 
to acquire many very bad habits, and if the rack 
and manger be kept empty with a view of pre- 
venting the over-loading of their stomachs they 
will fall inter a habit of playing with and mouth- 
ing them — a habit which finally degenerates into 
wind-sucking or crib-biting. 

The horse of the inferior farmer is sometimes 
fed on hay or grass alone, and the animal — al- 
though he rarely gets a feed of grain — maintains 
himself in tolerable condition, and performs the 
work required of him ; but hay and grass alone, 
however good in quality, or in whatever quantity 
allowed, w$ not support a horse, under hard 



THE VETERINARIAN. 17 

OATS. 

Oats have been selected as that portion of the 
food which is to afford the principal nourish- 
ment. They contain from seven hundred and 
forty-three to seven hundred and fifty parts of 
nutritive matter. They should be about, or 
somewhat less than, a year old — heavy, dry and 
sweet. New oats will weigh ten or fifteen per 
cent, more than old ones ; but the difference 
consists principally in watery matter, which is 
gradually evaporated. New oats are not so 
readily ground down by the teeth as old ones. 
They form a more glutinous mass, difficult to di- 
gest, and, when eaten in considerable quantities, 
are apt to occasion colic, or even staggers. 

The old oat forms, when chewed, a smooth and 
uniform mass, which readily dissolves in the 
stomach and yields the nourishment which it con- 
tains. There are no efficient and safe substi- 
tutes for good oats ; but, on the contrary, it may 
be safely asserted that they possess an invigora- 
ting property which is found in no other kind of 
food. 

OATMEAL. 

Oatmeal forms a poultice more stimulating 
than one composed of linseed meal alone, or 



18 THE VETERINARIAN. 

they may be mingled in different proportions, as 
circumstances require. In the form of gruel, it 
constitutes one of the most important articles of 
diet for the sick horse ; not, indeed, to be forced 
upon him, but a pail containing it being slung in 
his box, of which he will soon begin to drink 
when water is denied. Gruel is generally either 
not boiled long enough, or a sufficient quantity 
of oatmeal is not used for it. The proportions 
should be, a pound of meal thrown into a gallon 
of water, and kept constantly stirred until it boils 
— and five minutes afterwards. 

WHITE-WATER. 

White-water, made by stirring a pint of oat- 
meal in a pail of water — the chill being taken 
from it — is an excellent beverage for the thirsty 
and tired horse. 

WHEAT, BARLEY, RYE, ETC. 

Wheat, barley, rye and other heavy grains 
contain a greater portion of gluten or sticky, 
adhesive matter than oats. They are difficult of 
digestion, and apt to cake and form obstructions 
in the bowels. This will more often be the case 
if the horse is suffered to drink much water soon 
after feeding upon them. 



THE VETERINARIAN. 19 

Fermentation, colic, and death, are occasion- 
ally the consequence of eating any great quan- 
tity of heavy grains. A horse that is fed on them 
should have very little hay. 

FLOUR. 

Flour mixed with water to the thickness of 
starch is given with good effect in over-purging, 
especially if combined with chalk and opium. 

BRAN. 

Bran is given to sick horses on account of the 
advantage derived from its relaxing the bowels. 
There is no doubt that it does operate gently on 
the intestinal canal and assists in quickening the 
passage of its contents, when occasionally given ; 
but it must not be a constant food. 

A bran mash made with boiling water should 
stand until cool. Add a handful of salt, and, if 
given at night twice a week, with no other grain 
for supper, it will give the digestive organs a 
chance to rest, and materially assist digestion, 
and will also have a tendency to prevent flatu- 
lent colic. In connection with this, Humphrey's 
Condition Powders should be used according to 
directions. 



20 THE VETERINARIAN. 

LINSEED. 

Linseed is sometimes given to sick horses — - 
raw, ground and boiled. 

HAY. 

Hay is most in perfection when it is about a 
year old. The horse, perhaps, would prefer it 
earlier, but it is then neither so wholesome nor 
so nutritive, and often has a purgative quality. 
When it is about a year old it retains, or should 
retain, somewhat of its green color, its agreeable 
smell and its pleasant taste. It has undergone 
the slow process of fermentation by which the 
sugar which it contains is developed and its nu- 
tritive quality is fully exercised. Old hay be- 
comes dry and tasteless, innutritive and unwhole- 
some. After the grass is cut and the hay 
stacked, a slight degree of fermentation takes 
place in it. This is necessary for the develop- 
ment of the saccharine principle ; but it occa- 
sionally proceeds too far, and the hay becomes 
mow-burnt, in which state it is injurious, or even 
poisonous. The horse soon shows the effect 
which it has upon him. He becomes hide-bound; 
his strength is wasted ; his thirst is excessive, 
and he is almost worthless. 



THE VETERINARIAN. 21 

It is a good practice to sprinkle the hay with 
water in which salt has been dissolved. It is 
evidently more palatable to the animal who will 
leave the best unsalted hay for that of an inferior 
quality which has been moistened with brine, and 
there can be no doubt that the salting materially 
assists the process of digestion. 

ADMINISTERING MEDICINE. 

The most successful method of administering 
medicine to the horse is by means of a bolus, 
which is an oblong capsule. When a cathartic 
is required, Humphrey's Physic Bolus is the most 
effectual, and the only safe and reliable cathar- 
tic known on the market. It must be used ac- 
cording to directions which accompany each 
bolus. 

A cathartic cannot be given to a horse with 
safety that will commence to operate in less than 
about twenty-four hours from the time it is 
given. If possible, a horse should be given a 
bran mash, with a handful of salt in it, about 
twelve hours before giving a bolus. 

DIRECTIONS. 

Take the end of the tongue in the left hand, 
be careful not to pull hard enough to injure it ; 



S2 THE VETERINARIAN. 

place the bolus between the three first fingers and 
the thumb in the right hand, then put the bolus 
behind the root of the tongue, pull the hand 
back a trifle, then push the bolus into the horse's 
throat, pull the right hand out of the mouth, at 
the same time let go of the tongue with the left 
hand, then hold the horse's head up high until he 
swallows the bolus. If the horse should not 
commence to physic at the end of twenty-four 
hours, exercise him until the physic commences 
to operate, then place him in a stall and never, 
under any circumstances, allow a horse to be ex- 
ercised while physicing. A horse should have a 
box of Humphrey's Condition Powders as a tonic 
after physicing. 

The safest and easiest way to give a bolus is 
with a boling iron. This is a simple instrument 
that every horse owner should possess. Have an 
oblong ring made of half-round iron, 6x31^ 
inches, then have welded on each end of the ring 
a bar of the same size iron, about six inches long. 
Insert the ring in the horse's mouth, allowing the 
bars to lay against the outside of the mouth. 
You can then, with safety, put your hand 
in the mouth through the ring and push the 
bolus down the throat. This iron is also very 



THE VETERINARIAN. 



handy when you wish to examine a horse's 
teeth. 

)o( 

BOLING IRON. 

DRENCH. 

The administration of a drench is a much 
more troublesome affair than the giving of a boll, 
and in almost all cases more or less of the dose 
is wasted. The best instrument for giving a 
drench is the horn of the ox. Bottles are some- 
times used, but their fragile nature always ren- 
ders them dangerous. In giving a drench the 
head must be elevated ; the drench is then care- 
fully poured into the throat — the head still kept 
up till it is all swallowed. Allowance should al- 
ways be made for some waste in giving a drench. 

Very often the horse will refuse to swallow, 
and hold the liquid in his mouth. When this is 
the case, hold the mouth of the vessel containing 
the drench against the roof of the horse's mouth. 
In this way force the mouth open, then the liquid 
follows down to the throat, and he is thereby 
forced to swallow. Never choke a horse to 
make him swallow, or pour liquid of any kind 
into the nose. The writer has seen a number of 



H THE VETERINARIAN. 

horses die from this abominable practice. When 
the horse's head is raised the epiglottis is very 
liable to be open. If this be the case, liquid 
poured into the nose follows down the wind-pipe 
to the lungs, causing bronchitis and congestion of 
the lungs, which is very apt to ultimately result 
in death. 

BREAKING. 

If you want to tie up your colt, put him in a 
tolerably wide stall — which should not be too 
long — and should be connected by a bar or 
something of that kind, to the partition behind 
it ; so that after the colt is in he cannot go far 
enough back to take a straight, backward pull on 
the halter ; then, by tying him in the centre of 
the stall, it would be impossible for him to pull 
on the halter, the partition behind preventing 
him from going back, and the halter in the cen- 
tre checking him every time he turns to the right 
or left. In a stall of this kind you can break any 
horse to stand tied with a light strap, anywhere, 
without his ever knowing anything about pulling. 
For, if you have broken your horse to lead, and 
have taught him the use of the halter, (which 
you should always do before you hitch him to 



THE VETERINARIAN. 25 

anything), you can hitch him in any kind of a 
stall, and if you give him something to eat to 
keep him up to his place for a few minutes at 
first, there is not one colt in fifty that will pull 
on his halter. 

HOW TO MAKE A HORSE LIE DOWN. 

To make a horse lie down, bend his left fore-leg 
and slip a loop over it, so that he cannot get it 
down. Then put a surcingle around his body, 
and fasten one end of a long strap around the 
other fore-leg just above the hoof. Place the 
other end under the before-described surcingle, 
so as to keep the strap in the right direction ; 
take a short hold of it with your right hand; 
stand on the left side of the horse, grasp the bit 
in your left hand, pull steadily on the strap with 
your right; bear against his shoulder till you 
cause him to move. As soon as he lifts his 
weight your pulling will raise the other foot and 
he will have to come on his knees. Keep the 
strap tight in your hand so that he cannot 
straigten his leg if he rises up. Hold him in this 
position, and turn his head toward you; bear 
against his side with your shoulder — not hard — 
but with a steady, equal pressure, and in about 



THE VETERINARIAN. 



ten minutes he will lie down. As soon as he lies 
down he will be completely conquered, and you 
can handle him as you please. Take off the 
straps and straighten out his legs; rub him lightly 
about the face and neck, with your hand, the way 
the hair lies; handle all his legs, and after he has 
lain ten or twenty minutes let him get up again. 
After resting him a short time make him lie down 
as before. Repeat the operation three or four 
times, which will be sufficient for one lesson. 
Give him two lessons a day, and when you have 
reached four lessons he will lie down by tak- 
ing hold of one foot. As soon as he is well 
broken to lie down in this way tap him on the 
opposite leg with a stick, when you take hold of 
his foot, and in a few days he will lie down from 
the mere motion of the stick. 

HOW TO ACCUSTOM A HORSE TO A BIT. 

You should use a large, smooth snaffle bit, so 
as not to hurt his mouth, with a bar to each side, 
to prevent the bit from pulling through either 
way. This you should attach to the head-stall of 
your bridle, and put it on your colt without any 
reins to it, and let him run loose in a large stable 
or shed some time, until he becomes a little used 



THE VETERINARIAN. 27 

to the bit, and will bear it without trying to get 
it out of his mouth. It would be well, if conve- 
nient, to repeat this several times, before you do 
anything more with the colt; as soon as he will 
bear the bit, attach a single rein to it. You 
should also have a halter on your colt, or a bridle 
made after the fashion of a halter, with a strap to 
it, so that you can hold or lead him about with- 
out pulling at the bit much. He is now ready 
for the saddle. 

THE PROPER WAY TO BIT A COLT. 

Farmers often put bitting harness on a colt the 
first thing they do to him, buckling up the bitting 
as tight as they can draw it, to make him carry 
his head high, and then turn him out in a field to 
run half a day at a time. This is one of the 
worst punishments that could be inflicted on the 
colt, and is very injurious to a young horse that 
has been used to running in pasture with his 
head down. Colts have been so seriously injured 
in this way that they have never recovered. 

A horse should be well accustomed to the bit 
before you put on the bitting harness, and when 
>'ou first bit him you should only rein his head 
up to that point where he naturally holds it, let 



THE VETERINARIAN. 



that be high or low; he will soon learn that he 
cannot lower his head, and that raising it a little 
will loosen the bit in his mouth. This will give 
him the idea of raising his head to loosen the bit, 
and then you can draw the bitting a little tighter 
every time you put it on, and he will still raise 
his head to loosen it; by this means you will 
gradually get his head and neck in the position 
you want him to carry them, and give him a nice 
and graceful carriage without hurting him, 
making him mad, or causing his mouth to get 
sore. 

If you put the bitting on very tight the first 
time he cannot raise his head enough to loosen 
it, but will bear on it all the time, and paw, 
sweat and throw himself. Many horses have 
been killed by falling backward with the bitting 
on; their heads being drawn up, strike the ground 
with the whole weight of the body. Horses that 
have their heads drawn up tightly should not 
have the bitting on more than fifteen or twenty 
minutes at a time. 

HOW TO SADDLE A COLT. 

The first thing will be to tie each stirrup-strap 
into a loose knot to make them short, and pre- 



THE VETERINARIAN. 29 

vent the stirrups from flying about and hitting 
him. Then double up the skirts and take the 
saddle under your right arm, so as not to frighten 
him with it as you approach. When you get to 
him rub him gently a few times with your hand, 
and then raise the saddle very slowly, until he 
can see it and smell and feel it with his nose. 
Then let the skirt loose, and rub it very gently 
against his neck the way the hair lies, letting him 
hear the rattle of the skirts as he feels them 
against him, each time getting a little further 
backward, and finally slipping it over his shoul- 
ders on his back. Shake it a little with your 
hand, and in less than five minutes you can rattle 
it about over his back as much as you please, and 
pull it off and throw it on again, without his pay- 
ing much attention to it. 

As soon as you have acustomed him to the 
saddle, fasten the girth. Be careful how you do 
this. It often frightens the colt when he feels the 
girth binding him, and making the saddle fit 
tight on his back. You should bring up the 
girth very gently, and not draw it too tight at 
first — just enough to hold the saddle on. Move 
him a little, and then girth it as tight as you 
choose, and he will not mind it. 



THE VETERINARIAN. 



You should see that the pad of your saddle is 
all right before you put it on, and that there is 
nothing to make it hurt him, or feel unpleasant 
to his back. It should not have any loose straps 
on the back part of it, to flap about and scare 
him. After you have saddled him in this way, 
take a switch in your right hand to tap him up 
with, and walk about in the stable a few times 
with your right arm over your saddle, taking hold 
of the reins on each side of his neck with your 
right and left hands; thus marching him about 
in the stable until you teach him the use of the 
bridle and can turn him about in any direction, 
and stop him by a gentle pull of the rein. Al- 
ways caress him, and loose the reins a little every 
time you stop him. 

You should always be alone, and have your 
colt in some light stable or shed, the first time 
you ride him — the loft should be high so that 
you can sit on his back without endangering 
your head. You can teach him more in two 
hours' time in a stable of this kind, than you 
could in two weeks in the common way of break- 
ing colts — out in an open place. If you follow 
this course of treatment you need not run any 
risk, or have any trouble in riding the worst kind 



THE VETERINARIAN. 31 

of a horse. You take him a step at a time, until 
you get up a mutual confidence and trust be- 
tween yourself and horse. First teach him to 
lead and stand hitched; next, acquaint him with 
the saddle, and the use of the bit; and then all 
that remains is to get on him without scaring 
him, and you can ride him as well as any horse. 

HOW TO MOUNT THE COLT. 

First gentle him well on both sides, about the 
saddle and all over, until he will stand still with- 
out holding, and is not afraid to see you any- 
where about him. As soon as you have him thus 
gentled, get a small block, about one foot or 
eighteen inches in height, and set it down by the 
side of him, about where you want to stand to 
mount him; step up on this, raising yourself very 
gently. Horses notice every change of position 
very closely, and if you were to step up suddenly 
on the block it would be very apt to scare him; 
but by raising yourself gradually on it, he will 
see you without being frightened, in a position 
very nearly the same as when you are on his 
back. 

As soon as he will bear this without alarm, un- 
tie the stirrup-strap next to you, and put your 



32 THE VETERINARIAN. 

left foot into the stirrup, and stand square over 
it, holding your knee against the horse, and your 
toes out, so as not to touch him under the shoul- 
der with the toe of your boot. Place your right 
hand on the front of the saddle, and on the op- 
posite side of you, taking hold of a portion of the 
mane and the reins, as they hang loosely over his 
neck, with your left hand; then gradually bear 
your weight on the stirrup, and on your right 
hand, until the horse feels your whole weight 
on the saddle. Repeat this several times, each 
time raising yourself a little higher from the 
block, until he will allow you to raise your leg 
over his croup, and place yourself in the sad- 
dle. 

There are three great advantages in having a 
block from which to mount. First, a sudden 
change of position is very apt to frighten a young 
horse who has never been handled; he will allow 
you to walk up to him, and stand by his side 
without scaring at you, because you have gentled 
him to that position; but if you get down on 
your hands and knees and crawl toward him, he 
will be very much frightened; and upon the 
same principle, he would be frightened at your 
new position if you had the power to hold your- 



THE VETERINARIAN. 33 

self over his back without touching him. The 
first great advantage of the block, then, is to 
gradually gentle him to that new position in 
which he will see you when you ride him. 

Secondly, by the process of leaning your 
weight in the stirrup, and on your hand, you can 
gradually accustom him to your weight, so as not 
to frighten him by having him feel it all at once. 
And, in the third place, the block elevates you so 
that you will not have to make a spring in order 
to get upon the horse's back, but from it you can 
gradually raise yourself into the saddle. When 
you take these precautions, there is no horse so 
wild but that you can mount him without mak- 
ing him jump. When mounting, your horse 
should always stand without being held. A 
horse is never well broken when he has to 
be held with a tight rein when mounting; 
and a colt is never so safe to mount as when you 
see that assurance of confidence, and absence 
of fear, which cause him to stand without holding. 

An improved plan of mounting is to pass the 
palm of the right hand on the off-side of the sad- 
dle and, as you rise, lean your weight on it; by this 
means you can mount with the girth loose; or 
without any girth at all. 



34 THE VETERINARIAN. 

HOW TO RIDE A COLT. 

When you want him to start do not touch him 
on the side with your heel, or do anything to 
frighten him and make him jump. But speak to 
him kindly, and if he does not start pull him a 
little to the left until he starts, and then let him 
walk off slowly, with the reins loose. Walk him 
around in the stable a few times until he gets 
used to the bit, and you can turn him about in 
every direction and stop him as you please. It 
would be well to get on and off a good many 
times until he gets perfectly used to it before you 
take him out of the stable. 

After you have trained him in this way — which 
should not take you more than one or two hours 
— you can ride him anywhere you choose without 
ever having him jump or make any effort to 
throw you. 

When you first take him out of the stable be 
very gentle with him, as he will feel a little more 
at liberty to jump or run, and be a little easier 
frightened than he was while in the stable. But 
after handling him ,so much in the stable he will 
be pretty well broken, and you will be able to 
manage him without trouble or danger. 

When you first mount him take a little the 



THE VETERINARIAN. 35 

shortest hold on the left rein, so that if anything 
frightens him you can prevent him from jumping 
by pulling his head round to you. This opera- 
tion of pulling a horse's head round against his 
side will prevent any horse from jumping ahead, 
rearing up, or running away. If he is stubborn 
and will not go, you can make him move by pull- 
ing his head round to one side, when whipping 
would have no effect. And turning him around 
a few times will make him dizzy, and then, by 
letting him have his head straight, and giving him 
a little touch with the whip, he will go along 
without any trouble. 

Never use martingales on a colt when you first 
ride him; every movement of the hand should go 
right to the bits in the direction in which it is 
applied to the reins, without a martingale to 
change the direction of the force applied. You 
can guide the colt much better without it, and 
teach him the use of the bit in much less time. 
Besides, martingales would prevent you from 
pulling his head round if he should try to 
jump. 

After your colt has been ridden until he is 
gentle and well accustomed to the bit, you may 
find it an advantage, if he carries his head too 



36 THE VETERINARIAN. 

high or his nose too far out, to put martingales 
on him. 

You should be careful not to ride your colt so 
far, at first, as to heat, worry, or tire him. Get 
off as soon as you see that he is a little fatigued; 
gentle him, and let him rest; this will make him 
kind to you, and prevent him from getting stub- 
born or mad. 

TO BREAK A HORSE TO HARNESS. 

Take him in a light stable, as you did to ride 
him; take the harness and go through the same 
process that you did with the saddle, until you 
get him familiar with it, so that you can put it 
on him and rattle it about without his caring for 
it. As soon as he will bear this, put on the lines, 
caress him as you draw them over him, and drive 
him about in the stable till he will bear them 
over his hips. The lines are a great aggravation 
to some colts, and often frighten them as much 
as if you were to raise a whip over them. As 
soon as he is familiar with the harness and the 
lines, take him out and put him by the side of a 
gentle horse. Always use a bridle without blink- 
ers when you are breakiug a horse to harness. 

Lead him to and around a light sulky or pha. 



THE VETERINARIAN. 37 

eton; let him look at it, touch it with his nose, 
and stand by it till he does not care for it; then 
pull the shafts a little to the left and stand your 
horse in front of the off-wheel. Let some one 
stand on the right side of the horse and hold 
him by the bit, while you stand on the left side, 
facing the sulky. This will keep him straight. 
Run your left hand back and let it rest on his 
hip, and lay hold of the shafts with your right, 
bringing them up very gently to the left hand, 
which still remains stationary. Do not let any- 
thing but your arm touch his back, and, as soon 
as you have the shafts square over him, let the 
person on the opposits side take hold of one of 
them, and lower them very gently to the shaft- 
bearers. Be very slow and deliberate about 
hitching; the longer time you take the better, as a 
general thing. When you have the shafts placed 
shake them slightly, so that he will feel them 
against each side. As soon as he will bear them 
without scaring, fasten your traces, etc., and 
start him along very slowly. Let one man lead 
the horse, to keep him gentle, while the other 
gradually works back with the lines till he can 
get behind and drive him. After you have 
driven him this way a short distance, you can get 



88 THE VETERINARIAN. 

into the sulky, and all will go right. It is very 
important to have your horse go gently when you 
first hitch him. After you have walked him 
awhile there is not half so much danger of his 
scaring. Men do very wrong to jump up behind 
a horse to drive him as soon as they have him 
hitched. There are too many things for him to 
comprehend all at once. The shafts, the lines, 
the harness, and the rattling of the sulky, all tend 
to scare him, and he must be made familiar with 
them by degrees. 

WARRANTY. 
In the purchase of a horse the buyer should 
take, with the receipt, what is termed in law a 
warranty. The best way of expressing it is in 
this form : 

Newark, N. J., August i, 18— . 

Received of S. E. Ryman three hundred dollars, 
for a black mare, warranted only five years old, 
sound, free from vice, and quiet to ride and, 
drive. 

$300. R. M. ROSS. 

A receipt which , includes simply the word 
il warranted," extends merely to soundness. 
" Warranted sound," has no greater extent ; the 



THE VETERINARIAN. 3$ 

age, freedom from vice, and quietness to ride and 
drive should all be especially named. This war- 
ranty embraces every cause of unsoundnsss that 
can be detected, or that is inherent in the con- 
stitution of the animal at the time of sale, as well 
as every vicious habit which he has previously 
shown. In order to establish a breach of the 
warranty, and then be enabled to return the 
horse or recover the price paid, the purchaser 
must prove that it was unsound or viciously dis- 
posed at the time of sale. In case of cough, the 
horse must have been heard to cough previously 
to the purchase, or as he was led home, or as 
soon as he had entered the stable of the pur- 
chaser. Coughing, even on the following morn- 
ing, will not be sufficient; for it is possible that 
he might have caught cold by a change of 
stabling. If he is lame, it must be proved to 
arise from a cause that could not have occurred 
after he was in the purchaser's possession. No 
price will imply a warranty, or be deemed equiv- 
alent to one; the warranty must be expressly 
stated. 

A fraud in the seller must be proved, in order 
that the buyer may be enabled to return the 
horse or maintain an action for the price. The 



40 THE VETERINARIAN. 

warranty should be given at the time of sale. A 
warranty, or a promise to warrant the horse, 
given at any period previous to the sale, is of no 
effect; for the horse is a very perishable com- 
modity, and his constitution and his usefulness 
may undergo a considerable change in a few 
days. A warranty after the sale is also of no ef- 
fect, as it is given without any legal considera- 
tion. In order to complete the purchase, there 
must be a transfer of the animal, or a written 
memorandum of agreement, or the payment of 
some sum, however small, as earnest-money. No 
verbal promise to buy or sell is binding without 
one of these accompaniments; and the moment 
either of them is effected, the legal transfer of 
property, or its delivery, is made, and whatever 
may happen to the horse, the seller retains, or is 
entitled to, the money. If the purchaser exer- 
cises any act of ownership — as by using the 
animal without leave of the seller, or by having 
any operation performed upon him, or medicines 
given to him — he makes him his own. 

If the horse should afterwards be discovered 
to have been unsound at the time of warranty 
and sale, the buyer may return him. Although 
not legally compelled to give notice to the seller 



THE VETERINARIAN. 41 



of the discovered unsoundness, it is best that 
such notice should be given. The animal should 
then be tendered at the house or stable of the 
seller. If he refuses to receive the animal, 
humanity dictates that he should be sent to a 
livery stable, in preference to tying him up in the 
street; an action can be maintained, after the 
horse has been tendered, for the necessary ex- 
penses of keeping him as well as for the price 
paid. The keep, however, can be recovered only 
for the time that necessarily intervened between 
the tender and the determination of the action. 
It is not legally necessary to return the animal as 
soon as the unsoundness is discovered. The 
animal may be kept for a reasonable time after- 
wards, and even proper medical means may be 
resorted to for the removal of the unsoundness; 
but courtesy, and indeed justice, will require 
that the notice should be given as soon as pos- 
sible. 

HORSE SHOEING. 

When the delicacy of organization of the foot 
is considered — its extreme sensitiveness and 
wonderful adaptability for the purpose of loco- 
motion, the enormous wear and tear incident 



42 THE VETERINARIAN. 

upon the constant use in the service of man, its 
liability to abuse and injury, and the consequent 
suffering of the dumb animals, and pecuniary loss 
to the owner — it is surprising that there has been 
so little real improvement in the art. While the 
past half century has been so fruitful of results 
in almost every other branch of industry, it has 
witnessed few in this. This is due in a great 
measure to the indifference of the artisan to 
whom the care of the horse's foot is committed, 
who, ignorant of the nature and structure of the 
living member before him, so recklessly handles 
and mutilates it, in much the same manner as his 
ancestors years before him. 

The feet of most of the horses of the present 
day, and especially those used for draught pur- 
poses and heavy work in our large cities, are in 
bad condition. A healthy, vigorous foot is the 
exception, even among horses used for lighter 
work. Brittle, shelly hoofs, ridged and dished, 
indicating internal derangement; withered frogs, 
with the centre arch or stay entirely absorbed, 
high heels bound up by hard, unyielding crust, 
all these deformities and many others are charge- 
able in some degree to bad shoeing. Sometimes 
injuries are attributed to the blacksmith that are 



THE VETERINARIAN. 43 

due to accident or the brutality of the driver. 
Veterinarians may propose theories, but lack the 
practical experience and opportunities of obser- 
vation which the workman alone can have, while 
the number of the latter who have combined 
scientific education with a thorough knowledge 
of the detail of their profession, has been too 
small to stamp any decided character upon it. 
The question then presents itself, why not teach 
the mechanic the design of the structure, to 
the repair of which his lifetime is devoted. 

The operation of paring out the horse's foot 
is a matter requiring both skill and judgment, 
and is, moreover, a work of some labor when 
properly performed. It will be found that the 
operator errs much oftener by removing too little 
than too much; at least it is so with the parts 
which ought to be removed, which are almost as 
hard and unyielding as flint, and, in their most 
favorable state, require considerable exertion to 
cut through. 

No general rule can be given applicable to the 
paring out of the feet of all horses, or even of the 
feet of the same horse at all times. It would be 
evidently unwise, for example, to pare the sole 
as thin in a hot, dry season, when the roads are 



44 THE VETERINARIAN. 

broken up, and strewed with loose stones, as 
would be proper in a moderately wet one, when 
the roads are well bound and even; for, in the 
case first named, the sole is in constant danger of 
being bruised by violent contact with loose 
stones, and therefore needs a thicker layer of 
horn for its protection; while the latter case offers 
the most favorabe surface that the greater part 
of our horses ever have to travel upon, advantage 
of which should be taken for a thorough paring 
out of the sole, in order that the internal parts of 
the foot may derive the full benefit accruing 
from an elastic and descending sole; a condition 
of things very essential to the due performance 
of their separate functions. To take another 
illustration: horn grows very freely, especially 
toward the toe, in horses with upright feet and high 
heels, and such are always benefitted by having 
the toe shortened, the heels lowered and the sole 
well pared out; whereas, in horses with flat feet 
and low heels, horn grows sparingly, and the toe 
of such feet being always weak, admits of very 
little shortening. Such heels being already too 
low, they should scarcely be touched with the 
rasp; and the sole presents such a small quantity 



THE VETERINARIAN. 45 

of dead horn, that the knife should be used with 
great discretion. 

The corners formed by the junction of crust 
and bars should be well pared out, particularly 
on the inside; for this is the common seat of 
corn, and any accumulation of horn in this situa- 
tion must increase the risk of bruising the sensi- 
tive sole between the inner part or heel of the 
coffin bone and the horny sole. Little, if any- 
thing, is gained by allowing the bars to project 
beyond the surface of the sole. The power of 
resisting contraction cannot possibly be in- 
creased by this arrangement, and the projecting 
rim is left exposed to the danger of being broken 
and bruised by contact with stones and other 
hard substances; and the method is further at- 
tended with the disadvantages of making the 
cleaning out of these corners a work of consider- 
able ingenuity with so unweildy an instrument as 
a common drawing knife. It is much preferable 
to pare them down to a level with the sole, or 
very nearly so; avoiding, however, every ap- 
proach to what is styled " opening Out the heels," 
a most reprehensible practice, which means cut- 
ting away the sides of the bars so as to show an 
apparent increase of width, between the heels, 
4 



46 THE VETERINARIAN. 

which may, for the time, deceive the eye, but is 
in reality a mere deception, purchased at the ex- 
pense of impaired powers of resistance in the 
bars and ultimate contraction of the feet. It is 
palpable that the removal of any portion from 
the sides of the bars must diminish their sub- 
stance, and render them weaker, and consequently 
less able to resist contraction. 

The frog should never be cut or pared, except 
in very rare cases of horses with unusually fast- 
growing frogs. The first stroke of the knife re- 
moves the thin horny covering altogether, and 
lays bare an under surface, totally unfitted, from 
its moist, soft texture, for exposure, either to the 
hard ground or the action of the air, in conse- 
quence of which exposure it soon becomes dry 
and shrinks; then follow cracks, the edge of 
which, turning outward forms rags; these rags 
are removed by the smith at the next shoeing, 
by which means another similar surface is ex- 
posed, and another foundation laid for other 
rags; and this process continues, until finally the 
protruding, plump, elastic cushion, interposed 
by nature between the navicular joint and the 
ground, and so essential to its preservation from 
injury, is converted — by this senseless inte er- 



THE VETERINARIAN. 47 

ence — into the dry, shrunk, unyielding apology 
for a frog, to be seen in the foot of almost every 
horse that has been regularly shod for a few- 
years. The frog is provided within itself with 
two very efficient modes of throwing off any 
superfluous horn with which it may be troubled, 
and it is very unwise in man to interfere with 
them. The first and most common of these 
modes is the separation from the surface of the 
frog of small, bran-like scales, which becoming 
dry, fall off in a kind of whitish scurf; the other, 
which is upon a large scale, and of rare occur- 
rence is sometimes called "casting the frog." 
A thick layer of frog separates itself in a body, 
and shells off as deep as a common paring with a 
knife; but this very important difference is to be 
noted between the two operations — that nature 
never removes the horny covering until she has 
provided another horny covering beneath, so that 
although a large portion of frog may have been re- 
moved there still remains behind a perfect frog, 
smaller, it is true, but covered with horn and in 
every way fitted to sustain exposure; while the 
knife, on the contrary, removes the horny cover- 
ing but is unable to substitute any other in its 
stead. The frog should therefore be left to 



48 THE VETERINARIAN. 

itself. Nature will remove the superfluous horn, 
and the rags do no harm, since, if they are un- 
molested they will soon wholly disappear. Mind 
that the shoe is intended for the foot, and not 
the foot for the shoe, and that it is therefore 
peculiarly proper to make the shoe to fit the 
natural form of the foot, instead, as is often the 
case, of paring, burning and rasping the foot 
until it fits the shoe, which is made according 
to the smith's notion of what the form of the 
horse's foot should be. No amount of paring 
can bring the foot of a horse to an unnatural 
figure, and also leave it sound and safe for use. 
The truth really is, that the shape of the shoe 
cannot by any possibility influence the shape of 
the foot; for the foot being elastic, it expands to 
the weight of the horse in precisely the same de- 
gree, whether it is resting upon the most open or 
the most contracted shoe. It is the situation of 
the nails and not the shape of the shoe that 
determines the form of the foot. If the nails be 
placed in the outside quarter and toe, leaving the 
heels and quarters on the inside — which are the 
most expansive portions — free, no shape which 
we can give to the shoe can of itself change the 
form of the foot. It must not, however, be in* 



THE VETERINARIAN. 49 

ferred from this, that the shape of the shoe is 
therefore of no importance; quite the contrary 
being the case, as has been already shown. As 
the shape of the foot is in no degree changed by 
the form of the shoe, that form should manifestly 
be adopted which produces the greatest number 
of advantages with fewest disadvantages. A 
small clip at the point of the toe is desirable, as 
preventing displacement of the shoe backward. 
It need not be driven up hard, as it is simply re- 
quired as a check or stay. The shoe should be 
sufficiently long to fully support the angles at the 
heels, and not so short — as is too often the case 
— that a little wear imbeds the edge of it in the 
horn at these parts. 

The foot surface of the shoe should always 
have a good, flat, even space left all around for 
the crust to bear upon ; for it must be remembered 
that the crust sustains the whole weight of the 
horse, and should therefore have a perfectly even 
bearing everywhere around the shoe. 

Before removing the old shoes care should be 
taken to raise all the clinches of the nails to pre- 
vent injury to the crust, and to avoid giving pain 
to the horse; even after clinches are raised, if 
the shoes cannot be easily drawn off, those nails 



50 THE VETERINARIAN. 



which seem to hold most firmly should be 
punched, or drawn out, that the shoe may be re- 
moved without injury to the hoof, and without 
weakening the nail-hold for the new shoeing. 

The shoe being removed, the edge of the crust 
should be well rasped to remove so much of the 
horn as would have been worn away by the con- 
tact with the ground, had it been unshod. In no 
case should the rasp be used on the surface of 
the hoof, except to make the necessary depres- 
sions for the clinches, after the new shoe has 
been put on, and to shape the hoof below the 
line of the clinches of the nails. The hoof, above 
this line, will inevitably be injured by such treat- 
ment, which is one of the most fruitful sources 
of brittleness of the horn, which often results in 
" sand-crack." 

In fitting the shoe on the foot, it should never, 
while red-hot be burned into its place, as this 
would so heat the sensitive sole as to produce a 
serious derangement. 

It is a certain fact that by burning, a crust will 
form on the bottom of the foot that will eventu- 
ally crumble off, and in a very short time the 
shoe will become loose. And this is not all — 
the hot iron will cause contraction of horn, 



THE VETERINARIAN. 51 

which the reader will readily remember if he has 
ever placed horn against hot iron and noticed 
the manner in which it will curl. 

The shoe having been so fitted that the foot 
exactly touches it in every part, the next step is 
to nail it fast to the hoof. 

Upon the number and situation of the nails 
which secure it depends the amount of disturbance 
that the natural functions of the foot are destined 
to sustain from the shoe. If the nails are numer- 
ous and placed back in the quarters and heels, 
no form of shoe, however perfect, can save the 
foot from contraction and navicular disease. 

If, on the contrary, they are few and placed 
in the outside quarter and toe, leaving the inside 
quarter and heels free to expand, no form of 
shoe is so bad that it can, from defective form 
alone, produce contraction of the foot. 

The fear, very commonly entertained, that a 
shoe will be cast almost at every step, unless it is 
held to the foot by eight or nine nails driven high 
up into the crust, is utterly groundless,, as both 
theory and practice concur in asserting. If the 
presence of a nail in the crust were a matter of 
no moment, and two or three more than are 
necessary were merely useless, no great reason 



52 THE VETERINARIAN. 



would exist for condemning the common practice 
of using too many nails; but it is far otherwise; 
the nails separate the fibres of the horn, which 
never by any chance become united again, but 
continue apart and unclosed, until by degrees 
they grow down with the rest of the hoof, and 
are finally, after repeated shoeings, removed by 
the knife. 

If the clinches chance to rise, they must be at 
once replaced, as such rising imparts to the nails 
a freedom of motion which is certain to enlarge 
the size of the holes; and this mischief is often 
increased by the violent wrenching from side to 
side which the shoe undergoes in the process of 
removal by the smith. As these holes cannot 
possibly grow down and be removed under three 
shoeings, it will be found that even with seven 
nails the crust must always have twenty-one of 
these separations existing in it at the same time; 
and as they are often from various causes ex- 
tended into each other, they necessarily keep it 
in a brittle, unhealthy state, and materially in- 
terfere with the security of the future nail- 
hold. 

Before leaving this* subject it should be re- 
marked, that contracted feet — that is, feet that 



THE VETERINARIAN. 53 



have shrunken and become narrow at the heels, 
and of which the frog has become materially re- 
duced in size — are often, and doubtless most fre- 
quently, caused by inflammation arising from im- 
proper shoeing. In such cases, and often when 
horses are lame in the foot from other causes, the 
horseshoer will pinch and punch the horse in the 
shoulder until from pain the horse responds, 
then he will look with pride and say that is 
where the lameness is. 

The foot is a very finely constructed affair, 
subject at all times to contusions, bruises and ac- 
cidents, which causes it to be much more liable 
to lameness than the broad shoulder with its 
heavy bones and large, strong muscles. 

It is the. custom of many blacksmiths to " set 
the shoes well off at the heels," and to carry the 
seating or the level of the upper side of the shoes 
so far back that the heels, instead of resting on a 
flat surface — as they would on a properly fitted 
shoe — rest on the slopes of the seating, which are 
in this respect simply two inclined planes, so 
placed that, at each step taken by the horse, his 
heels must be pressed together, until a greater or 
less contraction is made manifest, but at too late 
a period to enable us to remedy the evil; for 



54 THE VETERINARIAN. 

there is no means by which this contraction of 
the foot can be cared — although, when it exists 
only to a slight extent, the internal portions ot 
the foot will sometimes accomodate themselves 
to its new form. So far as disease is the result 
of bad shoeing, it can be obviated by so forming 
the shoe that it will afford a sufficient and per- 
fectly secure and level support for the heels. 

If we carefully observe the form and size in 
the frog in the foot of a colt of from four to five 
years old, at its first shoeing, and then note the 
changes which it undergoes as the shoeings are 
repeated, we shall soon be convinced that a visi- 
ible departure from a state of health and nature 
is taking place. At first it will be found large 
and full, with considerable elasticity; the cleft 
oval in form, open, and expanding, with a con- 
tinuous, well-defined, and somewhat elevated 
boundary; the bulbs at the heels fully developed, 
plump and rounded; and the whole mass occu- 
pying about one-sixth of the circumference ol 
the foot. By degrees the fullness and elasticity 
will be observed to have diminished; the bulb at 
the heels will shrink, and lose their plumpness; 
the cleft will become narrower, its oval form dis- 
appear, the back part of its boundary give way, 



THE VETERINARIAN. 55 

and it will dwindle mto a narrow crack, extended 
back between the wasted, or perhaps obliterated, 
bulbs, presenting only the miserable remains of a 
frog, such as may be seen in the feet of most 
horses long accustomed to be shod. 

QUARTER CRACK AND TOE CRACK. 

The author has never failed to cure either of 
these troubles if his advice was followed. Draw 
lines from the hair to the crack, about one to one 
and one-half inches long, in the shape of a V, on 
each side of the crack. Cut well down so that 
the bottom of the groove bleeds; then touch the 
top of the crack at the hair with a red hot iron, 
and give the V shaped pieces a chance to bulge 
— which they will do in a few days. 

There is a set of instruments for closing 
quarter cracks, which consists of a tool for mak- 
ing mortices on each side of the crack in the 
wall of the foot, a clamp, and a powerful pair oi 
forceps for compressing the end or point of the 
clamps into the hoof. 

The author has used these instruments in a 
number of cases with complete success for hold- 
ing the hoof together below the V shaped pieces. 
It has also been his practice to keep the horse 



56 THE VETERINARIAN. 

shod with good bar shoes, and use plenty of 
Humphrey's Gilt Edge Hoof Ointment, to 
promote the growth of the horn. 

Veterinary Surgeon F. P. Robergeo, at 1741 
Broadway, New York, is the inventor of a steel 
spring, known as Robergeo's Hoof Expander, 
that does away with the clamp on the 
patient's foot, and the author has been in- 
formed by those who have used both methods, 
that the spring is preferable to the method he 
has given, and advises its use. In cases of con- 
traction of the feet these springs are superior to 
anything ever invented, without a doubt, and 
persons using them will find the Gilt Edge Hoof 
Ointment very beneficial for softening and pro- 
moting the growth of the foot. 

FORGING. 

Forging is caused by the hind foot being 
thrown forward and striking against the bottom 
of the shoe of the fore foot, before it can get out 
of the way. The only way to overcome this 
trouble is to increase the action of the horse in 
front, and retard the action of the hind limbs. 
The proper way to obviate this trouble is by 
using light shoes in front, slightly raising the 



tHE Veterinarian. 5* 

heel, to give the foot a chance to get off of the 
ground sooner. 

Do not cut the toe of the hind foot; make the 
hind shoe so that it will extend pretty well be- 
hind. Make the projecting portion heavy, and 
let the foot project a little over the toe of the 
shoe. 

PRICKED. 

Prick of the foot is an injury caused either by 
the horse picking up a nail, or an accident of 
this kind may happen while the horse is being 
shod. The horseshoer may or may not be to 
blame; but it might happen without any care- 
lessness on his part, that a nail will split or take 
a direction entirely different from the one he had 
reason to expect. If the nail splits^. large por- 
tion comes out of the horn in a proper manner; 
it is possible that a small section^may penetrate 
the sensitive laminae. The horseshoer could not 
notice that a small portion of the nail had not 
come out. When such an accident happens, if 
there is any part of the nail left in the foot, get 
it out at all hazards. Make a good free opening 
in the foot, until the blood starts freely. Then 
pour into the parts a few drops of muriatic acid, 



5& THE VETERINARIAN. 

or turpentine, dress the sore with Humphrey's 
Gilt Edge Hoof Ointment, or pine tar and oak- 
um. Tack on the shoe; every night stuff the foot 
with oil meal. As a rule the author does not ad- 
vise working lame or sick horses, but in cases of 
prick of the foot the animal will generally do 
much better to be kept at work, even if he is 
lame, than he will standing in the stable. It 
may be necessary to take the shoe off, from time 
to time, to let any puss escape that might be 
penned up. 

TO PREVENT INTERFERING. 

For a horse that interferes in front, artistic 
shoeing as a rule is of little or no avail ; among 
horsemen they are called nigger footed horses, and 
a man that has owned one of them is sure never 
to purchase another, for they are of very little or 
no value. A horse may interfere behind when he 
is first brought from the country and first com- 
mences to travel on the city pavements; but with 
proper shoeing he will soon stop it. The horse 
that interferes behind should have his foot prop- 
erly leveled, cutting away the horn, slightly low- 
ering the outside of the foot, to throw the ankle 
out, thereby giving the opposite foot a chance to 



THE VETERINARIAN. 59 

pass. Do not disfigure the foot. Weight the 
outside of the shoe and raise the inside of the 
foot by making the inside of the shoe the thick- 
est. If a horse should interfere after shoeing, 
put more weight on the outside of the shoe; do 
not put more than two nails on the inside of 
the shoe, and those near the toe. The horn on 
the inside should be left to project a trifle over 
the outside of the shoe. It will probably take 
two or three shoeings to stop the horse from in- 
terfering behind. 

WATER. 

The watering of the horse is a very impor- 
tant but disregarded portion of his general man- 
agement, especially by the farmer. He lets his 
horses loose morning and night, and they go to 
the nearest pond or brook and drink their fill, 
and no harm results; for they obtain that kind of 
water which nature designed them to have, in a 
manner prepared for them by some unknown in- 
fluence of the atmosphere, as well as by the de- 
position of many saline admixtures. 

With working or road horses in cities, not 
having an opportunity to go to the brook or 
pond, the important question of water is easily 



60 THE VETERINARIAN. 

settled. Give them a little at a time, as often as 
you see fit; but never less than three times a 
day. 

PINK EYE. 

In the spring and fall especially — oftener in 
the spring — the disease known as pink eye is 
most prevalent. It is in all probability caused 
by some peculiar atmospheric influences which 
exercise an injurious effect upon the animal. 
This may be said to be the exciting cause; but 
there are many other influences which may produce 
the disease. Ill-ventilated stables, or the horses 
not receiving a sufficient supply of wholesome, 
nutritive food, may produce it. It more fre- 
quently occurs in large cities, and especially in 
New York, where it can be found any time of the 
year. Experience teaches us that, if animals are 
compelled to breathe impure air, and have not 
sufficient exercise, they are more liable to con- 
tract this disease. But all are subject to it. 

Various names are given to this disease : in- 
fluenza, distemper, catarrhal fever, epizootic, and 
epidemic catarrh. 

At some periods the disorder will run through en- 
tire stables; at others it will attack them "piece- 



THE VETERINARIAN. 61 

meal," and in situations where no connection 
can be traced. 

I have never taken particular caution to pre- 
vent its spreading, but it is certainly better to 
separate the infected, if possible, from well 
horses. 

SYMPTOMS. 

Considering the disorder as produced at sea- 
sons of the year when horses are naturally weak, 
in consequence of this being the time they 
are shedding their coats, and taking into account 
the situation, in its simplest form it bears some 
resemblance to common fever; though there are 
still strong characteristic distinctions between the 
diseases. 

To a practitioner, the look — the eye at once 
betrays the malady. Either it exhibits that 
woe-begone aspect which extreme depression 
might give; or else its upper lid, instead of being 
simply dependent is nearly closed, while the eye- 
lid on the inner side is of a very slight or yellow- 
ish-red color; the head appears to hang from, 
rather than supported by the neck. The coat 
looks dull, having lost its gloss. The extremities 
—ears and legs — are cold; but the mouth dry, hot 



62 THE VETERINARIAN. 

and feverish. The pulse is accelerated, but very- 
weak. The respiration undisturbed. The dung 
is voided in small qauntities. The urine scanty, 
and passed with difficulty. The horse cannot be 
induced to look at food, but turns from it as 
though he despaired of possible recovery. 

It is impossible to lay down any absolute line 
of treatment. Where debility is marked the 
treatment must be very mild and excessively cau- 
tious. Where the disorder, however, appears 
with customary tone, and exhibits some strength 
to stand active measures, it is well to be particu- 
larly careful as to the mode of treatment. There 
exists no apparent disturbance of the breathing, 
at least not enough to create alarm. 

Other symptoms often present themselves with 
the foregoing. Cerebro-spinal meningitis may be 
produced, so that you will have various forms of 
this disease. In other cases the breathing is very 
much affected, which is perhaps more percep- 
tible at the nostrils than at the flank. The 
throat is sore. The bronchial tube soon becomes 
involved, and you hear a peculiar noise by plac- 
ing the ear against the throat. 

Many cases exhibit catarrhal symptoms; that 
is, the membrane of the nose is reddened and 



THE VETERINARIAN. 63 



from the nostrils is poured out a yellow viscid 
matter. This matter is generally of a yellowish, 
but in some cases turns to a greenish hue. The 
general temperature of the body may be in- 
creased to 105 °. 

On other occasions the disorder commences 
with vertigo; the brain is attacked — so when the 
animal walks out he staggers and can hardly 
keep his legs. 

An accompaniment of pink eye is swelled legs. 
The author considers this a good symptom, and 
when this appears he thinks the patient's chances 
for recovery are very much improved. 

TREATMENT. 

Pure air is the first great consideration — and 
plenty of it. Turn the animal loose, if possible in 
a box stall, rather than keep in a close stable. 
Use covering according to the season ; rub the 
legs well and keep the blood in circulation ; 
bandage the legs ; support the system and de- 
pend, to a great measure, upon nature for the rest; 
as this disease must have its run, despite of all 
medicine. 

Provided you see the case in its early stages, 
give the animal every morning and evening alter- 



64 THE VETERINARIAN. 

nately, Humphrey's Veterinary Fever Rem- 
edy and Humphrey's Veterinary Nerve 
Remedy, and one-half pint of milk. Use stim- 
ulants; give liquor acetate of ammonia, two and 
one-half ounces, sweet spirits of nitre one 
ounce, every noon ; give ale or beer but don't 
over-feed. Get the bowels to act by giving injec- 
tions ; in some cases it may be necessary to 
administer a laxative of either one-half pint 
raw linseed oil, or two or three drachms of 
aloes. Do not push this treatment too far, for 
fear of super-pergation. If the throat is sore 
keep it well bathed with Humphrey's Good 
Samaritan, or apply mustard — but the former 
is preferable and most effective. 

As the animal shows signs of convalescence — 
the eye clear, the pulse firmer, and returning ap- 
petite, body and limbs more of a natural temper- 
ature, etc., give Humphrey's Condition Pow- 
der. This treatment comes as near being abso- 
lute as any yet discovered. 

PURPURA HEMORRHAGICA. 

The cause of this terrible malady is some 
putrid condition or* a charbonous affection 
of the blood. The skin and mucous membrane, 



THE VETERINARIAN. 65 

and it is quite possible, that many parts of the 
body may be affected. The attack is sudden. 
The body, head and limbs enlarge; conscious- 
ness is partially lost. The horse stands and the 
breathing is quickened. Through the skin there 
exudes serum with blood. The nostrils and 
lips enlarge, and part of the swollen tongue pro- 
trudes from the mouth. The appetite is not quite 
lost, although deglutition (swallowing) is difficult. 
Thirst is great. There is generally no trouble in 
detecting this disease at the start. There will 
be a slight swelling of the limbs that will possibly 
disappear by exercise — but it will shortly return. 
The swelling is very sudden and surprising. 
Such a swelling means symptoms of purpura. 
Exudation (discharge of bloody matter) takes 
place. On a white limb you can see red spots 
from which the liquid is oozing. Small vescicles 
(bladders on the skin) appear on the limb and 
also in the mucous membrane. The mucous 
membrane of the nose may become a mass of 
corrupt matter. There will be a peculiar drop- 
sical swelling, which may first show itself in con- 
nection with the eye. It is necessary to watch 
the case closely for fear of sloughing (a dropping 
out of the skin and flesh). 



66 THE VETERINARIAN. 

Purpura is, in all probability, the sequel to 
some other disease, due to poison in the blood, 
which causes the blood to be more fluid and de- 
stroys coagulation (curdling) to a certain extent. 
It is due more frequently to bad ventilation, bad 
drainage, etc., than any other cause. 

TREATMENT. 

Place in comfortable quarters, where the 
patient can get plenty of fresh air, and bathe the 
nostrils with cold water. Local remedies will 
benefit the patient but little; give good, nutri- 
tive food, but not enough to over -load the 
stomach; give Humphrey's Veterinary Blood 
Remedy as directed; give one-half ounce chlor- 
ate of potash in the water, three times a day; if 
the bowels are constipated give one of Hum- 
phrey's Physic Bolls. You may also give for 
this disease, two ounces of spirits of turpentine 
blended with two eggs, and repeat it in two days. 
If the patient is likely to die of suffocation call a 
veterinary surgeon to perform tracheotomy, (in- 
cision into the windpipe,) which will afford tem- 
porary relief; but the final recovery will be 
doubtful, if the horse is bad enough off to re- 
quire such treatment. 



ME VETERINARIAN. 6^ 

COLIC. 

The premonitory symptoms are sudden in 
their nature. The animal is first observed paw- 
ing violently, showing evident symptoms of great 
distress, shifting his position almost constantly, 
and manifesting a desire to lie down. In a few 
minutes these symptoms disappear, and the ani- 
mal is again easy. ' But the same uneasiness 
again returns, increasing in severity until the 
animal cannot be kept upon his feet; the pulse is 
full — but scarcely altered from the normal 
standard. As the disease advances, the symp- 
toms become more severe, the animal at times 
throwing himself with great force upon the 
ground, as though he were shot, looking anx- 
iously at his sides, sometimes snapping at them 
with his teeth, and striking his belly with his 
hind feet. The symptoms vary but little from 
those of inflammation of the bowels, the condition 
of the pulse and the remission of pain being the 
distinguishing features. The extremities are of 
a natural temperature; there are frequent but 
ineffectual efforts to stale, and a cold sweat be- 
dews the body. 

More horses die from colic, caused by indiges- 
tion, than from any other disease. More horses die 



68 THE VETERINARIAN. 

while having colic by being over-doctored than 
die for want of treatment. It is a singular fact 
that nine men out of ten who see a sick horse 
know just what will cure him; but let one of 
their own horses get sick and they don't know 
anything that is good for him. Don't take any 
of their advice. If your horse has colic do as 
directed in this work, and your horse has all the 
medicine he needs. 

Flatulent colic is an accumulation of gas in 
the stomach and intestines, occurring more often 
in the spring and fall than at any other season. 
Horses fed on corn are most subject to these at- 
tacks, in consequence of this kind of food fer- 
menting readily in the stomach, more particu- 
larly when green. If the accumulation of gas 
thereby occasioned is not arrested, it soon swells 
the stomach and intestines to such an extent as 
to cause the diaphragm, or walls of the stomach, 
to give way, and death of the animal ensues. 
The author has known cases to terminate in 
death in less than half an hour from the observa- 
tion of the first symptoms, so rapid is the course 
of this disease. The symtoms are the same as in 
spasmodic colic, with the exception of the swell- 
ing of the abdomen. I have had remarkable 



THE VETERINARIAN. 



success by using Humphrey's Celebrated 
Colic Cure, and can safely recommend it. 

When a hor.se has the colic he should be 
treated just as any intelligent physician would 
treat a human being. There is no necessity of 
pouring an entire drug store into the stomach of 
the horse, at the suggestion of knowing friends. 
The patient should be treated in a rational man- 
ner — by the same means and with the same skill 
as if one of our own race were concerned. It is 
cruel to see an animal trotted up and down the 
street, followed by a man, with whip in hand, 
when the horse is the subject of excruciating 
pains, and the sweat pouring off him like rain, 
from sheer agony. The custom is decidedly 
wrong. Reason confirms this opinion, and what 
reason teaches, man should endeavor to put in 
practice. No physician would dare advise a man 
to rise from a sick bed, and run up or down 
stairs, for if he did so he would very shortly find 
himself without practice. 

If the patient is inclined to roll, by all means 
let him do so — on the ground, rather than in a 
narrow stall. 

Give the patient a wide stall and plenty of bed- 
ding. Let him lie down, rise and tumble about 



70 THE VETERINARIAN. 

as much as he chooses; but watch and see that 
no accident happens him. 

TREATMENT. 

When there is swelling of the abdomen it is the 
writer's practice to make an opening in the flank 
on the right side, about three inches in front of 
the hip, at the thinnest place which can be found, 
by careful manipulation with the fingers, with a 
proper instrument known as the trocar and 
canula — an instrument about five inches long. 
This should be plunged through the flank with 
the point directed slightly towards the opposite 
shoulder. The stilletto is immediately with- 
drawn, and the tube allowed to remain until the 
formation of gas has ceased. If you get a 
watery discharge through the tube, you have an 
unfavorable symptom. This operation may be 
performed with perfect safety. If you have a 
proper instrument it is almost impossible for any 
unfavorable results to follow. 

My own practice is to give in the first stages 
of colic, as a cathartic, one of Humphrey's Phy- 
sic Bolls, under the -impression that by so doing I 
do not certainly detract from the power of other 
medicines in relieving the patient. Humphrey's 



THE VETERINARIAN. 71 

Celebrated Colic Cure, if used as directed, is 
as perfectly safe and reliable as any remedy that 
can be compounded, for a horse with colic. 
Every well-regulated stable should be always 
provided with this remedy; but, if by chance you 
have run short of it, give the patient sulphuric 
ether and laudanum, one ounce of each, in half a 
pint of water, once every two hours until relief 
is obtained; or you may give one-half ounce of 
chloral hydrate in one-half pint of water, every 
two hours. A good wisp of straw vigorously ap- 
plied to the belly, flanks and limbs may be bene- 
ficial, as you thus preserve the equilibrium of 
circulation. 

An enema of soap-suds should be administered 
often. If the patient does not retain the injec 
tion, but expells it as soon as you withdraw the 
syringe, it is considered a very unfavorable symp- 
tom. Mustard applied to the abdomen is very 
advantageous; about one-quarter of a pound will 
be sufficient. When convalescing, if the patient 
appears to have a fever, give Humphrey's Fever 
Remedy as directed. 

CBRKBRO SPINAL MENINGITIS. 
This disease in the horse generally appears to 



72 THE VETERINARIAN. 

the greatest extent among those breathing impure 
air, and receiving improper food. Several years 
ago this malady was almost unknown, but has of 
late become extensive among animals. The 
disease is comparatively new, as will be seen 
from the fact that, until recently, writers on vet- 
erinary surgery have failed to mention it. It is 
impossible to say what the exciting cause 
is, but enough is known about the disease to 
show that it is due to atmospheric influences, 
local causes, grass containing narcotic properties, 
vegetable poison, etc. 

There has been in the flats and meadows of 
New Jersey many cases of cerebro spinal menin- 
gitis, supposedly caused by the miasmic gases 
prevailing in that particular district. It is act- 
ually a congestion, followed more or less by in- 
flammatory action of the covering of the spinal 
cord and brain, due to a congested state of the 
blood vessel. The sympathetic system seems to be 
involved to some extent, perhaps to some noxious 
condition of the blood. Anything that is debili- 
tating tends to produce it. It is more severe and 
fatal in crowded stables, especially when it as- 
sumes an epidemic form. 



THE VETERINARIAN. 73 

SYMPTOMS. 

Sometimes it shows itself by loss of power, 
especially in the hind parts; the appetite is im- 
pared — or perhaps the animal cannot swallow — 
due to complete paralysis of the throat. Some 
show the brain to be affected, and others the 
spine. Death may ensue in twenty-four hours 
from the time you see the animal in apparently 
good health. The temperature is not changed to 
any great extent. In some cases it increases, in 
others decreases. In early stages the pulse is not 
materially changed, though it may be slower 
than natural. The horse is apt to fall or lie 
down, and is unable to rise. 

This may be taken for azoturia or vice versa. 
The urine is not so dark as in azoturia. 

Accompanying loss of power of the hind parts 
you will have brain disturbances, and a comatose 
state which, in a few hours, will be followed by 
delirium, which lasts in some cases until death. 
One symptom is paralysis of the throat, which 
gives some non-professional men the idea that 
the horse has diphtheria. It is the author's 
opinion, from long practical experience, that the 
disease known as diphtheria, has never actually 
existed among horses. 



74 THE VETERINARIAN. 

If you give the horse a pail of water he will 
pretend to drink; but if you watch, you will per- 
ceive that little, if any water, disappears. He is 
unable to drink, his bowels will be constipated, 
he has very little or no appetite, and extreme 
thirst. When he lies down, stretched out, he 
may kick with his hind feet, or paw with his fore 
feet. If he is down and unable to rise, prick his 
legs with a pin or the point of a knife; if he re- 
fuses to respond, his feeling in the parts is gone, 
and you may consider the case unfavorable. 

My experience has been, when the disease 
assumed an epizootic form, that it came from 
the horse drinking water containing drainage 
from the stable, or water standing in pools in or 
about the place, or both. 

TREATMENT. 

To prevent the spreading of the disease and 
relieve congestion, blister the spinal column, and 
top of the head with Humphrey's Spavin Blis- 
ter. Apply the blister to the back from the 
top of the shoulder to the root of the tail 
Give injection of soap-suds, or warm water and 
salt. Give Humphrey's Veterinary Nerve 
Remedy as directed, and powdered nux vomica, 



THE VETERINARIAN. 75 

in one drachm doses, ®nce a day. Humphrey's 
Good Samaritan may be used with advantage 
to stimulate the limbs, by applying it, and giv- 
ing the horse a thorough rubbing down. It 
may also be applied to the throat. Slings may 
be used, if the loss of power is so great that he 
cannot bear his weight on his limbs. If the loss 
of power is entire the case may be considered 
hopeless. 

PNEUMONIA. 

INFLAMMATION OF THE LUNGS. 

By pneumonia, or inflammation of the lungs, is 
meant either a highly congested or an inflamma- 
tory condition of the lungs, arising from various 
causes, as close or badly ventilated stables, vio- 
lent or extraordinary exercise, or sudden changes 
from heat to cold. Cold applied to the external 
surface of a heated animal drives the blood from 
the skin to the internal organs, often causing 
congestion of the lungs. Pulmonary diseases are 
more prevalent in the spring and fall, particu- 
larly if the weather is cold and damp. 

This disease is generally ushered in by a 
shivering fit; the horse is sometimes attacked 
very suddenly. He refuses food. 



76 THE VETERINARIAN. 

The respiration becomes disturbed, sometimes 
suddenly, at other times more slowly; legs, ears 
and muzzle cold; cough sometimes present; 
staring coat; membrane of nose reddened or 
leadened-hued; the animal hangs his head in or 
under the manger, stands with his feet wide 
apart, remaining in one position, with no inclina- 
tion to move. The pulse varies very much; it is 
sometimes full and quick, at other times weak 
and scarcely perceptible. 

In these cases the ear is found of the greatest 
advantage in enabling one to detect to a certainty 
the true condition of the parts affected. If the 
attack is sudden — coming on after any violent 
exercise — and the pulse is quick, weak and 
scarcely perceptible, by the application of the ear 
to the animal's side the case is decided, in the 
absence of all sounds, to be one of congestive 
pneumonia. 

When the disease assumes an inflammatory 
character, the breathing becomes disturbed, the 
mouth hot, flanks heaving, and the nostrils 
expand and contract violently. Humphrey's 
Spavin Blisters must be applied to the sides 
and breast. 

In these cases blood may be taken to good ad* 



THE VETERINARIAN. 77 

vantage. Bleed from the neck at least four 
quarts, after which place in a cool stall where he 
can get plenty of fresh air; place a pail of cool 
water before him. Give the patient, every four 
hours, Humphrey's Fever Remedy, in full-sized 
doses. Use this treatment until the beating of 
the pulse diminishes, then give twice a day, 
Humphrey's Veterinary Nerve Remedy in 
one-half pint of milk. Give frequent injections 
of soap-suds or warm water and salt. 

The horse should be kept on a low diet for a 
few days, as bran mashes, carrots, or green food; 
but no hay should be allowed, and a pail of water 
should be kept before him. 

When the horse is convalescing give Hum- 
phrey's Condition Powder as directed. 

CORNS. 

The first effect of contraction of the hoof is 
to bruise the sensitive parts within their horny 
limits at that part of the foot formed by the 
crust and bar, causing lameness, which may be 
acute or chronic. These bruises are commonly 
called corns. The reason why this portion of 
the foot should be so severely bruised is obvious. 
The crust and bar forming a triangular space be- 



ft THE VETERINARIAN. 

tween which a considerable portion of the sensi- 
tive laminae lie, this bar by its resistance of the 
encroachments of the crust, causes a two-fold 
pressure upon the sensitive parts, acting much as 
a vice, and thereby diminishing the triangular 
space. Upon examination of the foot the horn 
is found hard, dry and brittle, with a strong 
tendency to crack on very slight concussion. On 
removing a portion of the horn at the part of the 
foot indicated, the parts are found to be con- 
tused, sometimes slightly, and at others severely. 
In the latter case the feet are in such a condition 
as to require prompt attention, or discharge of 
matter may take place, forming a sinus, or pipe- 
like opening, through the quarter, sometimes 
passing through the coronet, and producing a 
condition or disease known as quitter, which 
often terminates in permanent lameness and de- 
formity. 

When the lameness is of a chronic character, 
the poor beast, owing to his deprivation of speed, 
is compelled to suffer. 

By way of treatment, the hoof around the corn 
should be cut away so as to prevent pressure 
from the shoe; the corn should be well cut out, 
and muriatic acid applied. He should then be 



THE VETERINARIAN. 79 

carefully shod, and, if the frog is elastic, a bar 
shoe, nicely fitted, with a perfectly level bearing, 
would be best; if, however, the frog is hard and 
unyielding, such a shoe may prove injurious. 
Flax-seed poultices frequently applied to the feet, 
together with the use of Humphrey's Gilt 
Edge Hoof Ointment, will be found effectual; 
a run at grass, without shoes, will also prove bene- 
ficial. 

GLANDERS. 

This fatal and much-dreaded disease has 
baffled the efforts of veterinary surgeons in times 
gone by and still continues to do so. It is, with- 
out a doubt, contagious; yet, as different diseases 
are confounded with it, which may be detected by 
the competent practitioner, no animal should be 
condemned until symptoms peculiar to glanders — 
which cannot well be mistaken, if the disease is 
fully developed — have manifested themselves. 
The suspected animal should be removed and 
kept from all possible contact with any others. 

It is necessary for the attendant to use the ut- 
most caution when around a glandered horse, as 
the disease is freely communicated from the ani- 
mal to man by inoculation. 

The most common cause of this disease is the 



80 THE VETERINARIAN. 

impure air of close, ill- ventilated and filthy sta- 
bles, which acts injuriously upon the organs of 
respiration, destroys the constitution, debilitates 
the system, and renders it susceptible to the at- 
tacks of disease. Neglected catarrh, also, some- 
times terminates in glanders; hard work and bad 
food, together with sudden changes from ex- 
posure to cold and wet weather to hot stables, are 
likewise reckoned among the causes. 

The symptoms are : discharges from one or 
both nostrils of a glossy, thick, gluey nature, fre- 
quently sticking about the nostrils in consider- 
able masses. This is a peculiarity which other 
discharges do not possess. This discharge is not 
always copious, as is generally supposed. The 
Schneiderian membrane of the nose changes to a 
dusky, or dirty yellow, or leaden hue; ulcers ap- 
pear upon the membrane; a peculiar raising of 
the nasal bones will be observed, which the 
author has never noticed in any other disease; 
the discharge is sometimes mixed with blood, and 
is often fetid; and one or both of the submax- 
illiary glands are swollen and adhere to the jaw- 
bone. Too much reliance, however, should not 
be placed upon this swelling, as it frequently ac- 
companies other diseases; but the character of 



THE VETERINARIAN. 81 

the discharge, and the raising of the nasal bones 
are peculiarities not easily mistaken when the 
disease is developed. As all the other symptoms 
will be found accompanying other diseases, too 
much care cannot be exercised in deciding upon 
a case of this disease previous to a full develop- 
ment of the symptons. 

All treatment thus far has proved a failure. 

COCKED-JAW. 

This distressing malady, otherwise known as 
tetanus, is one generally arising from neglected 
wounds, such as are occasioned by a horse pick- 
ing up a nail; in which case the wound, instead 
of being kept open by the owner, or his attend- 
ant, is suffered to close up, in consequence of 
which, if there is the slightest disposition to 
ulceration, matter is formed under the horn or 
hoof, which develops the most alarming symp- 
toms, usually in about two weeks after the wound 
has healed. When locked-jaw is the result of 
wounds, it is called symptomatic, or traumatic; 
when existing without apparent cause, it is called 
idiopathic. The latter is said to be caused in 
some cases by the action of worms in the intes- 
tines, and it is known to have been brought 



72 THE VETERINARIAN. 

the greatest extent among those breathing impure 
air, and receiving improper food. Several years 
ago this malady was almost unknown, but has of 
late become extensive among animals. The 
disease is comparatively new, as will be seen 
from the fact that, until recently, writers on vet- 
erinary surgery have failed to mention it. It is 
impossible to say what the exciting cause 
is, but enough is known about the disease to 
show that it is due to atmospheric influences, 
local causes, grass containing narcotic properties, 
vegetable poison, etc. 

There has been in the flats and meadows of 
New Jersey many cases of cerebro spinal menin- 
gitis, supposedly caused by the miasmic gases 
prevailing in that particular district. It is act- 
ually a congestion, followed more or less by in- 
flammatory action of the covering of the spinal 
cord and brain, due to a congested state of the 
blood vessel. The sympathetic system seems to be 
involved to some extent, perhaps to some noxious 
condition of the blood. Anything that is debili- 
tating tends to produce it. It is more severe and 
fatal in crowded stables, especially when it as- 
sumes an epidemic form. 



THE VETERINARIAN. 



success by using Humphrey's Celebrated 
Colic Cure, and can safely recommend it. 

When a hotse has the colic he should be 
treated just as any intelligent physician would 
treat a human being. There is no necessity of 
pouring an entire drug store into the stomach of 
the horse, at the suggestion of knowing friends. 
The patient should be treated in a rational man- 
ner — by the same means and with the same skill 
as if one of our own race were concerned. It is 
cruel to see an animal trotted up and down the 
street, followed by a man, with whip in hand, 
when the horse is the subject of excruciating 
pains, and the sweat pouring off him like rain, 
from sheer agony. The custom is decidedly 
wrong. Reason confirms this opinion, and what 
reason teaches, man should endeavor to put in 
practice. No physician would dare advise a man 
to rise from a sick bed, and run up or down 
stairs, for if he did so he would very shortly find 
himself without practice. 

If the patient is inclined to roll, by all means 
let him do so — on the ground, rather than in a 
narrow stall. 

Give the patient a wide stall and plenty of bed- 
ding. Let him lie down, rise and tumble about 



84 THE VETERINARIAN. 

the reason that every time you raise the head to 
give medicine the horse is sure to be thrown 
into spasms, that he will not recover from for 
hours. This is why I use the hypodermic syringe 
as a mode of giving horses, suffering from locked- 
jaw, medicine. 

Administer hypodermically, night, morning and 
noon, one grain of strychnine dissolved in acetic 
acid and water. Approach the patient very 
carefully. 

If the disease comes from a wound, treat the 
wound locally. While the horse is suffering 
from this disease keep a pail of oatmeal gruel 
where he can get it without any exertion. Have 
it made fresh every morning, noon and night: 
also keep a reasonable amount of clothing upon 
the patient. 

When a horse, afflicted with locked-jaw, lies 
down, he will seldom rise of his own accord; 
therefore it is necessary to raise his head gently; 
hold for a few moments until he regains his equi- 
librium, then with the assistance of a man at the 
tail, help him to his feet at once. If the horse is 
able to masticate food, give Humphrey's Nerve 
Remedy sprinkled on his food, in doses as per 
directions. 



THE VETERINARIAN. 85 

FARCY. 
This is regarded by the author as an incipient 
stage of glanders, or as a type of the same disease, 
and with proper management is curable. Ex- 
periments prove that the virus from a farcied 
horse will produce glanders by inoculation, in a 
sound one, and that the glandered matter will in 
like manner produce farcy. There are two dis- 
tinct varieties or stages of farcy: one, which is 
called water farcy, is altogether superficial, 
being confined to the lymphatic vessels of the 
skin and readily yields to medical treatment; 
the other variety, button farcy, makes its appear- 
ance in the extremities, generally upon the inside of 
the hind legs, which become completely engorged; 
but the swelling is very different from the ligament- 
ary thickening, being very uneven or lumpy, ex- 
cessively tender, and painful to the touch. 
Small abscesses are formed, which at first dis- 
charge a healthy pus, but soon ulcerate, and dis- 
charge a thin, sanious matter. These abscesses, 
or tumors, first make their appearance on the in- 
side of the hind legs, and then on the fore ones in 
like manner; the neck and lips come next in 
turn, and they may afterwards appear in all parts 



68 The veterinarian. 

while having colic by being over-doctored than 
die for want of treatment. It is a singular fact 
that nine men out of ten who see a sick horse 
know just what will cure him; but let one of 
their own horses get sick and they don't know 
anything that is good for him. Don't take any 
of their advice. If your horse has colic do as 
directed in this work, and your horse has all the 
medicine he needs. 

Flatulent colic is an accumulation of gas in 
the stomach and intestines, occurring more often 
in the spring and fall than at any other season. 
Horses fed on corn are most subject to these at- 
tacks, in consequence of this kind of food fer- 
menting readily in the stomach, more particu- 
larly when green. If the accumulation of gas 
thereby occasioned is not arrested, it soon swells 
the stomach and intestines to such an extent as 
to cause the diaphragm, or walls of the stomach, 
to give way, and death of the animal ensues. 
The author has known cases to terminate in 
death in less than half an hour from the observa- 
tion of the first symptoms, so rapid is the course 
of this disease. The symtoms are the same as in 
spasmodic colic, with the exception of the swell- 
ing of the abdomen. I have had remarkable 



THE VETERINARIAN. 65 

and it is quite possible, that many parts of the 
body may be affected. The attack is sudden. 
The body, head and limbs enlarge; conscious- 
ness is partially lost. The horse stands and the 
breathing is quickened. Through the skin there 
exudes serum with blood. The nostrils and 
lips enlarge, and part of the swollen tongue pro- 
trudes from the mouth. The appetite is not quite 
lost, although deglutition (swallowing) is difficult. 
Thirst is great. There is generally no trouble in 
detecting this disease at the start. There will 
be a slight swelling of the limbs that will possibly 
disappear by exercise — but it will shortly return. 
The swelling is very sudden and surprising. 
Such a swelling means symptoms of purpura. 
Exudation (discharge of bloody matter) takes 
place. On a white limb you can see red spots 
from which the liquid is oozing. Small vescicles 
(bladders on the skin) appear on the limb and 
also in the mucous membrane. The mucous 
membrane of the nose may become a mass of 
corrupt matter. There will be a peculiar drop- 
sical swelling, which may first show itself in con- 
nection with the eye. It is necessary 1o watch 
the case closely for fear of sloughing (a dropping 
out of the skin and flesh). 



THE VETERINARIAN. 



Physic Bolls, followed by Humphrey's Veter- 
inary Blood Remedy, according to directions. 

CRAMP. 

This complaint occasions considerabe alarm to 
the owner of a horse, from the peculiarity of 
the symptoms. A horse is found to go suddenly 
lame, lameness continuing, dragging one leg after 
him as though it were dislocated or broken. 
Upon taking a whip and striking him he will 
sometimes go two or three steps in a natural 
way, and then the leg drags again. Such in- 
stances have been pronounced fractures. By the 
young veterinarian such a mistake has been 
made. 

For treatment, friction by hand-rubbing, with 
an application of Humphrey's Good Samar- 
itan and a dose of Humphrey's Celebrated 
Colic Cure is advised. Usually the animal will 
be found all right upon the following day. 

HYDROCELE. 
This disease, commonly known as dropsy of 
the testicles, sometimes affects the stallion. It 
consists of a collection of serum in the tunica 
vaginalis, or bag containing the testicles, fluctu- 
ating when pressed by the hand, but free from 



THE VETERINARIAN. 



tenderness or pain. Its causes are obscure, but 
it is supposed to result from injuries, such as 
strains, etc. 

For treatment, the scrotum should be punc- 
tured, and the serum let out by means of a troca 
and canula; a weak solution of tincture of iodine 
injected into the tunica vaginalis; or equal parts 
of port wine and water of zinc lotion, (to one 
ounce of water add one grain of chloride of zinc), 
or lime water may be used with very good effect. 
The animal should be well secured before these 
preparations — particularly the first — are used, as 
the pain thereby caused may render him for the 
time unmanageable. Give Humphrey's Blood 
Remedy, as directed, to regulate the system. 

SADDLE AND HARNESS GALLS. 

These are bruises caused by friction and 
moisture, occurring most frequently in warm 
weather. The parts are rubbed raw, and some- 
times bleed. The treatment is simple and 
effectual. Use Humphrey's Carbolic Heal- 
ing Powder, for healing all kinds of sores and 
wounds on horses and cattle. If the parts are 
rubbed raw uncommonly easy, give Humphrey's 
Condition Powders. 



80 THE VETERINARIAN. 

impure air of close, ill-ventilated and filthy sta- 
bles, which acts injuriously upon the organs of 
respiration, destroys the constitution, debilitates 
the system, and renders it susceptible to the at- 
tacks of disease. Neglected catarrh, also, some- 
times terminates in glanders; hard work and bad 
food, together with sudden changes from ex- 
posure to cold and wet weather to hot stables, are 
likewise reckoned among the causes. 

The symptoms are : discharges from one or 
both nostrils of a glossy, thick, gluey nature, fre- 
quently sticking about the nostrils in consider- 
able masses. This is a peculiarity which other 
discharges do not possess. This discharge is not 
always copious, as is generally supposed. The 
Schneiderian membrane of the nose changes to a 
dusky, or dirty yellow, or leaden hue; ulcers ap- 
pear upon the membrane; a peculiar raising of 
the nasal bones will be observed, which the 
author has never noticed in any other disease; 
the discharge is sometimes mixed with blood, and 
is often fetid; and one or both of the submax- 
illiary glands are swollen and adhere to the jaw- 
bone. Too much reliance, however, should not 
be placed upon this swelling, as it frequently ac- 
companies other diseases; but the character of 



THE VETERINARIAN. 11 

vantage. Bleed from the neck at least four 
quarts, after which place in a cool stall where he 
can get plenty of fresh air; place a pail of cool 
water before him. Give the patient, every four 
hours, Humphrey's Fever Remedy, in full-sized 
doses. Use this treatment until the beating of 
the pulse diminishes, then give twice a day, 
Humphrey's Veterinary Nerve Remedy in 
one-half pint of milk. Give frequent injections 
of soap-suds or warm water and salt. 

The horse should be kept on a low diet for a 
few days, as bran mashes, carrots, or green food; 
but no hay should be allowed, and a pail of water 
should be kept before him. 

When the horse is convalescing give Hum- 
phrey's Condition Powder as directed. 

CORNS. 

The first effect of contraction of the hoof is 
to bruise the sensitive parts within their horny 
limits at that part of the foot formed by the 
crust and bar, causing lameness, which may be 
acute or chronic. These bruises are commonly 
called corns. The reason why this portion of 
the foot should be so severely bruised is obvious. 
The crust and bar forming a triangular space be- 



THE VETERINARIAN. 



which he has been standing. If this course is 
adopted, one or two washings will generally suf- 
fice. The harness, also, should be well washed 
and not used for two or three months; nor 
should the horse be placed in his former stall for 
a less period, and not even then until it has been 
thoroughly cleaned and white-washed. 

Give Humphrey's Blood Remedy, as per di- 
rections. 

If the above treatment does not cure the ani- 
mal, put in a stone jar, one pound unslacked 
lime, two pounds flour of sulphur, sixteen pints 
of water. Set on the stove, or in a regular water- 
bath until it boils. During the interval, stir con- 
stantly, to insure a complete mixture and keep 
the lime and sulphur from depositing in the bot- 
tom of the jar; for should this occur the jar will 
crack. The mixture must be stirred with a 
wooden spatula or glass rod. Keep it boiling 
about fifteen minutes; then set it aside for twelve 
hours, at the end of which pour off the clear 
liquor, and use while fresh. This remedy will 
cure the mange on horses and cattle, and is also a 
sure cure when used on a man having itch. It 
is not adapted to curing sheep, as the sulphur 
is said to injure the wool. The only objection 



THE VETERINARIAN. 



to its use is its very unpleasant odor. Before 
applying this mixture the animal should be 
thoroughly washed with warm water and com- 
mon brown soap; then wipe the animal dry and 
apply the sulphur mixture by means of a sponge. 
One application, if properly applied, will usually 
suffice to kill the parasites. Should it fail in the 
first instance a re-application will do no harm. 

POLL EVIL. 

This disease arises from blows inflicted upon 
the poll or back part of the head of animals 
whose blood is impure, or in a morbid condition. 
Horses going in or out of stables with low door- 
ways frequently strike their heads; pulling back 
upon the halter, and blows inflicted by passionate 
grooms, are among the exciting causes of this 
much dreaded complaint. The same injuries in- 
flicted upon an animal in perfect health seldom 
cause any essential trouble; but when the blood 
is in a morbid condition, fistulous abscesses are 
formed, which are seldom curable by merely local 
treatment, even when the disease is treated in its 
earliest stages. 

The author has faith in the seton in such 
cases, but depends principally upon constitu- 



76 THE VETERINARIAN. 

The respiration becomes disturbed, sometimes 
suddenly, at other times more slowly; legs, ears 
and muzzle cold; cough sometimes present; 
staring coat; membrane of nose reddened or 
leadened-hued; the animal hangs his head in or 
under the manger, stands with his feet wide 
apart, remaining in one position, with no inclina- 
tion to move. The pulse varies very much; it is 
sometimes full and quick, at other times weak 
and scarcely perceptible. 

In these cases the ear is found of the greatest 
advantage in enabling one to detect to a certainty 
the true condition of the parts affected. If the 
attack is sudden — coming on after any violent 
exercise — and the pulse is quick, weak and 
scarcely perceptible, by the application of the ear 
to the animal's side the case is decided, in the 
absence of all sounds, to be one of congestive 
pneumonia. 

When the disease assumes an inflammatory 
character, the breathing becomes disturbed, the 
mouth hot, flanks heaving, and the nostrils 
expand and contract violently. Humphrey's 
Spavin Blisters must be applied to the sides 
and breast. 

In these cases blood may be taken to good ad- 



THE VETERINARIAN. 73 

SYMPTOMS. 

Sometimes it shows itself by loss of power, 
especially in the hind parts; the appetite is im- 
pared — or perhaps the animal cannot swallow — 
: due to complete paralysis of the throat. Some 
show the brain to be affected, and others the 
spine. Death may ensue in twenty-four hours 
from the time you see the animal in apparently 
good health. The temperature is not changed to 
any great extent. In some cases it increases, in 
others decreases. In early stages the pulse is not 
materially changed, though it may be slower 
than natural. The horse is apt to fall or lie 
down, and is unable to rise. 

This may be taken for azoturia or vice versa. 
The urine is not so dark as in azoturia. 

Accompanying loss of power of the hind parts 
you will have brain disturbances, and a comatose 
state which, in a few hours, will be followed by 
delirium, which lasts in some cases until death. 
One symptom is paralysis of the throat, which 
gives some non-professional men the idea that 
the horse has diphtheria. It is the author's 
opinion, from long practical experience, that the 
disease known as diphtheria, has never actually 
existed among horses. 



96 THE VETERINARIAN. 

zinc into the opening; but in ordinary cases the 
bathing will be sufficient. If the animal appears 
to be debilitated and feverish, give internally, 
Humphrey's Veterinary Nerve Remedy, as 
directed. 



SURGICAL CASES. 



NEUROTOMY, OR NERVING. 
This is one of the most important operations 
in veterinary practice, and one that has been 
much abused, not only in Europe, but even more 
so in the United States. The operation consists 
in cutting out a portion of the metacarpal nerves 
on each side of the legs, thus destroying the sen- 
sibility of the foot. From the instantaneous re- 
lief experienced by the animal in all cases of foot 
lameness, no matter from what cause, an oppor- 
tunity has been afforded to dishonest persons for 
imposing upon the public by availing themselves 
of this practice; an opportunity which has been 
freely used, and thus a valuable operation has 
been brought into undeserved disrepute. The 
cases likely to be benefited by this operation, 
are few, and should be selected with great care; 



THE VETERINARIAN. 97 



otherwise the loss of the animal's hoof may be, 
and often is, the termination of the case. 

The operation is recommended by veterinary 
authors in incurable cases of lameness of the 
navicular joint; but sufficient caution is not im- 
pressed upon the mind of the reader to enable 
him to guard against the fatal results which too 
often follow. 

In deciding upon a case for this operation, an 
animal should be selected with a foot as free 
from contraction as possible; free from corns; 
free from inflammation; with a concave ground 
surface; open heels; hoof free fiom rings or 
roughness; and no bony deposits within the hoof. 
In such a case the operation may be performed 
with success. 

A horse that has been foundered should not, 
under any circumstances, be operated upon, as 
Ossification of the laminae frequently follows such 
an attack. Before performing any operation, the 
animal's bowels should be opened. Give one of 
Humphrey's Physic Bolls. After the opera- 
tion has been performed, care should be taken in 
driving the animal; for it should be remembered 
that no matter what accident may happen to the 
f66t, the animal is unc6fiscidus of pain. 



98 THE VETERINARIAN. 

The feet should be frequently examined to see 
whether the horse has picked up a nail, or other- 
wise injured the foot; for such injuries would 
otherwise remain undiscovered until too late to 
save the animal's life or usefulness. The horse- 
shoer should be informed of the operation, in 
order to guard against pricking the animal's foot 
in shoeing. 

It is necessary, previous to the operation, that 
the feet should be perfectly cool, which condition 
may be obtained by frequent bathing with cold 
water for several days previous. The horse is 
cast, the foot to be operated upon loosened, and 
brought forward by an assistant, resting it upon 
a bed of straw. An incision is made about two 
inches above the fetlock, between the cannon 
bone and back sinew, raising up with the forceps 
the cellular membrane, and carefully dissecting 
out the nerve. The precaution should be taken 
of placing the finger upon it, as the artery has 
been taken up and cut off before the mistake 
was discovered. Having fairly exposed the 
nerve, pass a curved needle armed with a strong 
thread under it, and by carefully drawing it up 
and down, the nerve may be readily separated. 
A knife is then passed under the nerve, and by a 



THE VETERINARIAN. 99 

quick motion the nerve is severed at the upper 
part. After the struggles of the animal cease, 
the cut nerve may be raised with the forceps, and 
from one-half of an inch to an inch removed. 
This second cut causes no pain. The wound is 
then closed by three single stitches. After oper- 
ating upon both sides in like manner, the animal 
is allowed to rise. Bandages should then be 
placed upon the leg, and kept saturated for sev- 
eral days with cold water. 

INFLAMED VEINS. 

The jugular or neck vein sometimes becomes 
inflamed in consequence of being injured by a 
bungling bleeder. A swelling is first noticed, 
followed by a gaping in the incision in the neck, 
from which an acrid fluid oozes. The horse can 
live when one jugular vein is entirely destroyed. 
Inflammation of the vein often causes oblitera- 
tion of the vein, sometimes causing some dis- 
turbance to the circulation, especially when the 
head is held down. 

For treatment, bathe the part well with cold 
water, into which a small portion of tincture of 
myrrh is thrown, and give one of Humphrey's 
Physic Bolls. Blister the swollen parts with 



100 THE VETERINARIAN. 

Humphrey's Spavin Blister; repeat the blister 
if necessary, and a cure is soon effected. 



It frequently becomes necessary, in order to re- 
lieve the animal from some painful disease, to re- 
sort to operations in surgery; this is a very 
important branch of veterinary practice. When 
it becomes necessary to use the knife, the animal 
should be spared all useless torture. In severe 
operations, humanity dictates the use of some 
anaesthetic agent to render the animal insensible 
to pain. Chloroform is the most powerful of 
this class, and may be administered with perfect 
safety, providing a moderate quantity of air is in- 
haled with or during its administration. Sul- 
phuric ether can be successfully used and is 
preferable. In minor operations, the twitch, 
the side-hobble, or the foot-strap, is all that 
is necessary. 

CASTING. 
When a horse is to be cast for an operation, 
force must be used for its accomplishment. The 
hobbles have been preferred for that purpose by 
veterinary surgeons generally. They consist of 
four leather straps, very stout, with strong 
buckles, with D rings fastened about the middle 



THE VETERINARIAN. 101 

of the strap, to be buckled, one around the 
pastern just above the hoof of each leg, and a 
half-inch rope about twelve feet long, with a 
piece of chain about eighteen inches long fastened 
to one end of the rope, and a swivel with a 
thumb screw at the other end of the chain, and a 
very strong pad-lock. To throw the horse, 
fasten the clevis to the D ring on the front leg, 
on the side that you wish to come uppermost 
when the horse is thrown. The end of the rope 
is then passed from the hobble on the fore foot, 
through the D of the hind foot of the same side, 
then to the other hind foot, through D, then to 
the other front foot through D, and lastly 
through the D of the first foot. After this, much 
of the ease and safety of the throw depends on 
bringing the legs as near together as possible. 
This should be done by gradually moving them 
nearer to each other, without alarming the horse, 
which will very much facilitate the business, and 
is really of more moment than is generally sup- 
posed. A space sufficiently large should be 
chosen for the purpose of casting, as some horses 
struggle much, and throw themselves with great 
violence a considerable way to the one side or the 
other; and they are liable to do this if the feet 



102 THE VETERINARIAN. 

have not been brought near together previous to 
attempting to cast. The place should also be very 
well littered down. The legs having been 
brought together, the assistants must act in con- 
cert. One, particularly, should be at the head, 
which must be carefully held throughout, by 
means of a strong snaffle bridle; another should 
be at the hind part, to direct the fall, and force 
the body of the horse to the side desired. 
Pursuing these instructions, the animal may 
be at once, rather let down than thrown, by 
a dexterous and quick drawing of the rope — all 
the assistants acting in concert. When the 
horse is down draw chain tight through the D 
rings, fastening them securely by inserting pad- 
lock in one of the links. The moment 
the horse is down, the person at the head must 
throw himself upon that member and keep it se- 
cure; for all the efforts of the animal to dis- 
engage himself are begun by elevating the head 
and foreparts. The rope is tightened. The 
chain is fixed by inserting the lock through one 
of the links close to the D rings, to hold them 
together. 

When the operation is over the screw, which 
fastens the chain to the hobble, first put upon 



THE VETERINARIAN. 10S 

one fore leg, is withdrawn. The chain then 
flies through the D's of the other hobbles and all 
the legs are free. 

The author is convinced by experience that 
this arrangement is far preferable to any hobble 
arrangement yet seen. It is a mistaken idea that 
horses must be cast for every little operation; in 
truth, but few operations require it. 

SIMPLE OPHTHALMIA. 

This disease arises sometimes from a blow in- 
flicted by a passionate groom, or from other ex- 
ternal injury, or from a foreign body entering the 
eye, causing such an irritation in that delicate 
organ as to sometimes terminate in blindness. 

The symptoms are, considerable swelling and 
inflammation of the eyelids, their under surfaces 
being very much reddened, and the vessels 
highly injected with blood; there is also a cloudy 
appearance over the cornea, or transparent part 
of the eye. 

For treatment, bleed from the eye vein. The 
bowels should be freely opened with one of 
Humphrey's Physic Bolls. Bathe the eye 
freely with cold water; after which apply with 
syringe, twenty grains nitrate silver in two 



104 THE VETERINARIAN. 

ounces of water, once a day. Give, internally, 
Humphrey's Veterinary Nerve Remedy 
morning and evening, and one drachm of 
powdered colchicum in a bran mash, at noon ; 
no grain should be given during the treat- 
ment ; corn should be especially avoided. 

SPECIFIC OPHTHALMIA. 

Inflammation of the eye, or specific ophthalmia, 
is known to horsemen as moon-blindness, from 
the influence which the moon is supposed to ex- 
ert upon it. This, however, is one of the many 
popular delusions which fill the pages of many 
veterinary works. When a horse is once 
attacked with this disease, he is ever after liable 
to subsequent attacks, at intervals varying from 
one to six months, and generally terminating in 
blindness. This termination, may, however, be 
warded off for a long time by proper manage- 
ment; each subsequent attack rendering such a 
termintion more and more certain, from the in- 
creased alteration in the structures of the eye. 

The horse may appear perfectly well, and the 
eyes clear and bright, one day, and the next 
morning usually one eye will be found closed, 
more particularly if it is exposed to a strong 



THE VETERINARIAN. 105 

light; little or no swelling will be observed; the 
lining membrane of the eye-lid is quite red, 
and the eye exceedingly watery and tender. 

The causes of this disease are mainly attrib- 
utable to hereditary predisposition, or to con- 
finement in dark stables, and sudden exposure to 
strong light. Badly ventilated stables, in conse- 
quence of which the eyes are continually ex- 
posed to the strong fumes of ammonia arising 
from the urine, as also hard work in a small col- 
lar, are supposed to be exciting causes. 

These cases require prompt attention, in order 
to ward off the serious consequenses which 
otherwise are in store for the unfortunate ani- 
mal. The bowels should first be opened with 
Humphrey's Physic Bolls; give bran mashes 
only, and when the bowels are opened, give 
Humphrey's Veterinary Nerve Remedy, as 
per directions. In about one week, the eye will 
usually become clear and bright. Use as an in- 
jection for the eye, twenty grains nitrate silver 
in two ounces of water twice a day. If the 
animal is in a plethoric condition, bleeding 
will be found advantageous; the quantity to 
be regulated by the condition of the pulse. 



106 THE VETERINARIAN. 

Place the animal in a cool, well-ventilated loca- 
tion, free from any ammoniacal gases. 

BLEEDING. 

Blood-letting in former times was regarded as 
the sheet anchor in veterinary practice; but that 
day has passed. It is the author's opinion that 
bleeding is as much neglected to-day as it used 
to be abused ; although the practice of bleeding 
horses upon all occasions cannot be too strongly 
condemned. Before using the lancet the pulse 
must be examined, the condition of the animal 
considered, and the effects upon that pulse must 
decide the quantity of blood to be taken. The 
pulse will be found following the front margin of 
the masseter muscle, which muscle forms the 
fleshy parts of the head upon each side, called the 
cheeks. By following the front part of this 
muscle downward with the thumb, until near the 
base of the lower jaw, and then passing the fore- 
fingers under, or inside of the jaw, the pulse will 
be readily felt; or, to point its location out with 
more certainty, if an imaginary line is drawn 
perpendicularly from the front part of the ear 
downward, it will cross the point where the pulse 
is located and felt. 



THE VETERINARIAN. 10? 

In a healthy condition the pulse beats from 
thirty-six to forty times a minute; variations 
above or below this standard indicates a morbid 
condition of the system. This fact should be 
borne in mind, in the description of any disease. 
When bleeding is necessary, the neck should be 
corded. 

The mode of bleeding is with the fleam and 
blood-stick. By this method of bleeding, the 
operation can easily be accomplished by one per- 
son. After the vein has been opened, the blood will 
flow freely. When the desired quantity has been 
drawn the vein must be carefully closed by 
passing a pin through the centre of the opening, 
taking up the skin upon both sides and tieing with 
hair from the mane or tail. 

TENOTOMY. 

This operation is practised for the purpose of 
strengthening crooked legs or sprung knees. It 
consists in dividing the flexor tendons, in order 
to bring the limb straight. There are but few 
Cases, however, in which the operation would be 
of much service, and therefore care must be ex- 
ercised in selecting such cases as are proper. It 
would hardly be proper in a young horse, as 



108 THE VETERINARIAN. 

other means, less objectionable, often succeed. 
In old horses it would not be prudent, as their 
limbs are generally stiff and permanently set; 
nor would it be successful in cases where a stiff 
joint existed, as is often found in connection 
with crooked legs and sprung knees. It is 
always better to give a physic to a horse before 
performing any surgical operation. Use Hum- 
phrey's Physic Bolls. 

AMPUTATION OF THE PENIS. 

This operation is occasionally called for in 
the horse, particularly in cases of paraphymosis, 
or protrusion of the penis, that have resisted all 
other modes of treatment. The operation, as 
performed is unneccessarily tedious, and not as 
successful as it should be. It is only requsite in 
performing this operation, to place a twitch up- 
on the animal, and while he is standing, take 
the penis in the left hand, and with an amputa- 
ting knife in the right hand, sever it at one stroke. 
The hemorrhage, although considerable, need not 
cause any alarm. A piece of soft cotton or 
sponge saturated with spirits of turpentine, or 
any other styptic, and placed in the sheath, will 
soon cause the hemorrhage to cease. Fear of 



THE VETERINARIAN. 109 

hemorrhage may deter some persons from per- 
forming what may appear a bold operation; but 
the author has not known a single operation per- 
formed in this way to prove fatal. After the 
operation, it is safest to give Humphrey's Nerve 
Remedy, as directed. Keep the bowels open 
with green or soft food. 

TAPPING THE CHEST. 

This operation consists in passing a round, 
pointed instrument, sheathed with a canula, into 
the chest, in order to draw off any accumulation 
of fluid that may have taken place in the viscus. 
The instrument is passed, after first making a 
small incision through the skin, between the eighth 
and ninth ribs, but not too low down. It is pushed 
gently forward until it penetrates the pleura, or 
lining membrane of the chest. The stellet is 
then withdrawn, and the canula is kept in place 
until the fluid ceases to run. If, however, a 
large quantity exists, all of it should not be taken 
away at one time; for the pressure upon the 
lungs having been so great, if such sudden re- 
lief is afforded, nature, unable to accommodate 
herself to so rapid an alteration, gives way, and 
the animal consequently dies. It should there- 



110 THE VETERINARIAN. 



fore be taken away at one, two, or three tap- 
pings, as occasion may require. Good, whole- 
some food should be allowed. Give Humphrey's 
Condition Powder to the patient as a tonic. 

CESOPHAGOTOMY. 

This operation is occasionally resorted to 
where any foreign substance, as an apple, potato, 
carrot, and the like, has lodged in the oesophagus 
or gullet. Where such obstructions exist, gentle 
manipulation with the hand should first be re- 
sorted to; if these are not successful in removing 
them, the probang is called for, and in case of 
failure thus to dislodge them, this operation is the 
only remaining resort. 

It is not necessary to cast the animal. Cut 
down directly upon the swollen part of the throat 
and remove the obstruction. The wound may 
then be closed by means of the suture; that is, 
by single stitches, at proper distances apart, al- 
lowing the ends to hang out of the external 
wound, which may be closed in the same, 
manner. The animal should be kept on gruel 
for several days. If the food is seen to ooze out 
of the wound when He is swallowing, it should be 
carefully washed away with cold water. The part 



THE VETERINARIAN. Ill 

should be syringed with a solution: eight grains 
chloride of zinc in half pint of water. Give 
Humphrey's Fever Remedy, as directed, until 
the wound commences to heal nicely, then give 
Humphrey's Condition Powders. 

BREAKING DOWN. 

This accident occurs in running, jumping, rac- 
ing, etc. It is sometimes called a strain of the 
back sinews, and lets the animal down upon the 
fetlock, in consequence of a rupture of the liga- 
ment of the pastern. Horses meeting with this 
accident are of little value ever after, as they al- 
ways remain weak in the fetlock. Unless the 
animal is quite young and valuable, the treatment 
would cost more than the animal is worth. 

For treatment, apply Humphrey's Good 
Samaritan, or perhaps a little chloroform; or, 
if you use water, acetate of lead or opium may be 
added. Bandage, and bring the parts as near as 
possible to their natural position. Have a high- 
heeled shoe put on the afflicted foot. After the in- 
flammation subsides, apply Humphrey's Spavin 
Blister around the fetlock, and up to where the 
ligaments are affected. Repeat the blister if 
necessary. A sling is sometimes used, but if 



112 THE VETERINARIAN. 

the animal will lie down, and the limb is well 
taken care of, it is better than a sling. A physic 
boll should be administered directly after the ac- 
cident has happened. Humphrey's Physic Bolls 
are the best. 

HERNIA. 

By the term hernia surgeons understand a 
rupture or protrusion of some of the viscera out 
of the abdomen, forming a soft tumor. In hu- 
man practice there are hernias occurring in all 
the viscera of the body; but in the equine race 
they are confined, with rare exceptions, to the 
abdominal viscera, the inguinal hernia being the 
most common. This appears in the groin, and 
is a protrusion of the intestine through the ab- 
dominal ring, which, in the stallion, frequently 
passes down into the scrotum or bag, constituting 
scrotal hernia. These hernias sometimes occur 
during castration, in consequence of the violent 
struggles of the animal. In such cases it is best 
to administer chloroform at once, in order to 
quiet the animal, and prevent violent struggling. 
The animal should be put on his back, and one 
hand passed up the" rectum, and one or two fin- 
gers of the other hand placed upon the scrotum, 



THE VETERINARIAN. 113 

when, by careful manipulations, the intestines 
can generally be replaced. If, however, a reduc- 
tion cannot be effected, an operation will be nec- 
essary. The hernia should be exposed by cut- 
ting through the integument a little upon one 
side, and coming down upon the hernia; the 
finger is placed upon it, and a reduction effected 
by careful manipulation. 

The wound should then be closed by means of 
the suture. A folded cloth should then be ap- 
plied to the part, and retained by means of a 
continuous bandage crossed between the legs 
from side to side in the form of the figure 8. 
Sometimes the intestine becomes strangulated, 
constituting strangulated hernia, the reduction of 
which requires an operation as before mentioned. 
If, however, it is found impossible then to re- 
duce it, the finger should be passed through the 
opening, if possible, and a probe-pointed bis- 
toury following upon it, enlarge the opening and 
replace the intestine. The same treatment as be- 
fore indicated will be necessary. 

The symptoms of strangulated hernia are very 
similar to those of acute enteritis, or inflamma- 
tion of the bowels. These may be regarded as 
the only hernias to which the horse is liable 



114 THE VETERINARIAN. 

After the operation, keep the bowels open with 
soft food. Give Humphrey's Fever Remedy 
and Humphrey's Nerve Remedy alternately, as 
directed, until all inflammation subsides. 

ROWELING. 
Rowels were formerly much used, but of late 
years the seton has superseded them. The rowel 
consists of a round piece of sole leather, cut out 
in the centre, wound round with tow, which is 
saturated before using with digestive ointment. 
The skin is cut through, and dissected upon each 
side sufficiently to admit the rowel. This is used 
principally under the jaws and in the breast. 
The seton answers the same purpose, and is 
much more convenient. It consists in arming a 
needle, made for the purpose, with tape, and 
passing it through the part desired, the seton 
being coated with Humphrey's Spavin Buster. 

FIRING. 

The object in firing a horse is to produce an 
external inflammation where counter-action is 
required, as in spavin, ring-bone, curbs, etc. The 
operation may be performed upon the animal 
while standing, 'by placing a twitch and side line 
upon him; but if the surface to be fired is exten- 



THE VETERINARIAN. 115 

sive, and the animal high strung, it is better to 
cast him, particularly where a number of oblique, 
vertical or horizontal lines are to be drawn. 

Firing is not practised at the present time to 
the extent that it formerly was, and when it is 
practiced every endeavor should be made to 
prevent, as far as possible, the blemishes which 
always follow the operation. 

Various forms of irons have been adopted to 
accomplish this end. The author gives the pref- 
erence to the feathered iron, which is brought 
down to a very fine edge. 

Different opinions are entertained by veterinary 
surgeons as to the advantages resulting from 
deep firing, as compared with those accruing 
from surface firing. It is the author's opinion 
that, if firing is resorted to at all, it should be 
done effectually. After firing has been per- 
formed, always apply Humphrey's Spavin Blis- 
ter to the parts fired. 

TRACHEOTOMY. 

This operation is occasionally called for in 
cases of strangles, when the swelling threatens 
suffocation, as it is often the only means of sav- 
ing the animal's life, It consists in making a 



116 THE VETERINARIAN. 

longitudinal incision through the skin immedi- 
ately over the windpipe and below the larynx 
cutting through the cartilaginous rings (one or 
more, as occasion requires), and inserting in the 
opening a tube of silver made for the purpose 
through which the animal breathes, instead of 
through the nostrils. A circular piece is some- 
times cut out of the windpipe in order to admit 
the tube more freely, which is certainly the better 
mode of performing the operation. In case of 
emergency, a piece of elder with the pith pushed, 
out will answer temporary purposes. It should 
be well secured from slipping into the windpipe 
by means of a piece of string. 

DIARRHCEA. 

This disease often arises in the absence of any 
inflammatory action upon the mucous surface of 
the intestines. Give one ounce of prepared chalk, 
one-half ounce tincture catechue, one ounce tinct- 
ure ginger, in half pint of water, once or twice a 
day. Also, give Humphrey's Veterinary Fever 
Remedy and Nerve Remedy, alternately, as di- 
rected, twice a day. 

Put a handful of flour in the drinking water 
for the horse, Gruel, starch, or arrow-root 



THE VETERINARIAN. Ill 

should be freely given; good, sweet hay is very 
advantageous, but no grass or bran mashes 
should be allowed. 

The causes of diarrhoea are over-exertion, ex- 
posure to cold, drinking freely of pump or spring 
water, and over-doses of physic. 

INORDINATE APPETITE. 

Loss of appetite is soon observed and com- 
plained of by the horse-owner, and in too many 
instances gives occasion for improper medica- 
tion. Some horses are particularly choice in the 
selection of their food, refusing that which is 
poor, or daintily and languidly picking it over. 
Horses sometimes eat slowly and daintily in con- 
sequence of weakness of the digestive organs; 
in such cases give one of Humphrey's Physic 
Bolls, followed by Humphrey's Condition Pow- 
ders, mixed in the food, which will be of great 
benefit. Boiled potatoes and the like, will also 
be found beneficial in such cases. 

The disease (for it is no less) of a voracious 
or depraved appetite, arises from a morbid con- 
dition of the digestive organs, and is generally 
regarded by horsemen as a very desirable fea- 
ture. The owner is greatly surprised, under 



118 THE VETERINARIAN. 

such circumstances, that his animal does not 
thrive. A distinction must be made between a 
healthy and a morbid appetite. The former is 
indicated by the animal being ready for his food 
as soon as he comes in from work, and eating his 
allowance — if good, sweet provender — with evi- 
dent relish; but the latter is indicated by a con- 
stant craving for food and water, without regard to 
the quality of either, the animal often times in ad- 
dition to his usual allowance, eating up the litter 
from under him, which is frequently in a very 
filthy condition. He is almost constantly craving 
water, and will drink even from a stagnant pool. 
We find him tucked up in the flanks, or carrying 
a big belly; his dung is often soft, slimy, and 
fetid; he stales largely, and his urine is often 
very foul; he is dull, lazy, and stupid, perform- 
ing his work languidly or unwillingly. 

In such cases give Humphrey's Veterinary 
Fever Remedy and Nerve Remedy, alternately, 
to regulate digestion. 

RUPTURE OF THE STOMACH. 

Rupture of the stomach or diaphragm, is 
caused by the stomach and bowels being dis- 
tended with food far beyond their natural capac- 



THE VETERINARIAN. 110 

ity, or by an accumulation of gas in the stom- 
ach, as in flatulent colic. The diaphragm, or 
midriff, is often ruptured in cases of flatulence, 
as is the case also with the intestines. The 
symptoms sometimes are, that the horse will sit 
upon his haunches like a dog. As nothing in 
the way of treatment can be offered in these 
cases, all speculation upon them is superfluous. 

CALCULUS, OR STONY CONCRETIONS. 
The presence of these bodies in the stomach 
and intestines occasions frequent attacks of colic, 
and sometimes produces inflammation of the 
bowels. Millers' horses are supposed to be most 
subject to these accumulations. These abdomi- 
nal calcule generally have a metallic nucleus, are 
composed of triple phosphates, and are generally 
round and smooth. When first taken from the 
intestines, they are of a brown, greenish color, 
but they soon become white. When a horse is 
subject to frequent attacks of colic, not occa- 
sioned by feeding upon corn, these accumula- 
tions may reasonably be suspected to be the cause. 

HAIR BALL. 
Hair balls are occasion ly found in the stom- 
ach and intestines of a horse, generally ac- 



120 THE VETERINARIAN. 

cumulating around a metallic nucleus. There are 
several in the possession of the author where a 
piece of iron is the nucleus, and one where a 
piece of coal afforded the same basis. These 
balls occasion the same disorders, preceded by 
the same symptoms, and followed by the same 
results as the calculus. The animal may recover 
from a number of attacks of colic, and die at last 
from the same cause. 

STRANGULATION OF THE INTESTINES. 

On examining horses after death from an at- 
tack of colic, the small intestines are occasionally 
found tangled in a knot so as to cause a com- 
plete obstruction in the passages. This gives 
rise to colic pains, terminating in inflammation 
of the bowels and death. The small intestines 
being but loosely attached by the peritoneum, 
their outer covering, have free play in all direc- 
tions, whence the tendency arises to these acci- 
dents; for the author believes them to spring 
from accidental rather than natural causes. 
There may be a simple twisting, or the intestines 
may be firmly tied into a knot. 

There is another species, called intro-suscep- 
tion, or intra-susception, which is a slipping of 



THE VETERINARIAN. 121 

one portion of the intestines into, or inside of, 
another portion, thus completely blocking up the 
passage. There are no symptoms by which either 
of these conditions may be known; and such 
cases are therefore treated as cases of ordinary 
colic, or of inflammation of the bowels, as the 
case may be. Where, however, such a condition 
of the parts exists, all treatment will be useless. 

WORMS. 

Four kinds of worms are found in a horse, 
viz.: thelumbrici, which very much resembles the 
common earth worm in form; ascarides, so called 
for their resemblance to a thread; taenia, or tape 
worm, of which variety but little is known, as it 
is very rare; and lastly the persecuted bots, con- 
sidered by farmers and horsemen the greatest of 
pests, and the most dangerous of all species. 

The lumbrici are most generally found in the 
intestines, where they sometimes do much mis- 
chief by their irritating effects. The author once 
saw a very remarkable specimen of these worms. 
The specimen was some two yards long, consist- 
ing of a portion of the small intestine so com- 
pletely filled with these worms as apparently to 
render it almost impossible for anything to pass 



122 THE VETERINARIAN. 

through it, the worms having accumulated in 
thousands. These worms are from eight to ten 
inches in length, round, and perfectly white. 
There appears to be two varieties of the lumbrici. 
The other variety is similar in form and length, 
but has numerous brown transverse lines, at 
about equal distances from each other, along its 
entire length. 

The ascarides are found in the large intestines 
and are white worms from one to three inches in 
length. It is a somewhat singular fact that, al- 
though these worms are usually found in the 
large intestines, their origin, apparantly, is in the 
stomach of the horse. On opening horses after 
death, tumors are often found in the stomach, 
which, upon being cut open, will be found to 
contain either a thick whitish matter, or knots of 
small worms, irom half an inch to an inch in 
length, of precisely the same appearance as that 
of the ascarides, and believed by the author to 
be identical with them. 

The symptoms of worms are a rough, harsh, 
staring coat; irregular or depraved appetite; a 
whitish, or yellowish- white, shining substance, 
sometimes observable about the fundament, ac* 
eQmpanied by a disposition on the part of the 



THE VETERINARIAN. 123 

animal to rub the tail; breath occasionally hot 
and fetid; and in some cases a dry, short cough. 
The animal becomes poor in flesh and spirits. 
Various modes of treatment have been adopted 
with but little benefit. That which has usually 
been found most successful in the author's prac- 
tice is, to give of the following a tablespoonful 
every night, for five consecutive nights: one 
ounce tartar emetic, two ounces powdered worm 
seed, two ounces carbonate soda, six ounces pow- 
dered licorice root, mixed. On the fifth night 
give one of Humphrey's Physic Bolls. As 
this medicine sometimes drives the worms into 
the back intestines, it is well to give an injection 
of salt and water at once, to eject them. 

CASTRATION.. 

The period at which this operation may be best 
performed depends, much on the breed and form 
of the colt, and the purpose for which he is des- 
tined. For the common agricultural horse, the age 
of four or five months will be the most proper time, 
or, at least, before he is weaned. Few horses are 
lost when cut at that age; though care should be 
taken that the weather is not too bad, nor the 
flies too numerous. 



124 THE VETERINARIAN. 

If the horse is designed either for the carriage 
or for heavy draught, he should not be castrated 
until he is at least a year old; and, even then, the 
colt should be carefully examined. If he is thin 
and spare about the neck and shoulders, and low- 
in the withers, he will materially improve by re- 
maining uncut another six months; but if his 
fore-quarters are fairly developed at twelve 
months, the operation should not be delayed, 
lest he grow gross and heavy before, and per- 
haps has begun too decidedly to have a will of 
his own. No specific age, therefore, can be 
fixed; but the operation should be performed 
rather late in the spring, or early in the autumn, 
when the air is temperate, and particularly when 
the weather is dry. 

No preparation is necessary for the sucking 
colt, but it may be prudent to physic one of more 
advanced age. Give one of Humphrey's Phys- 
ic Bolls. In the majority of cases, no after 
treatment will be necessary, except that the ani- 
mal should be sheltered from intense heat, and 
more particularly from the wet. In temperate 
weather he will do much better running in the 
field than nursed in a close and hot stable. The 



THE VETERINARIAN. 125 

moderate exercise which he will necessarily take 
in grazing, will be preferable to entire inaction. 

The old method of opening the scrotum, or 
testicle bag, on each side, and letting out the tes- 
ticles, and preventing bleeding by a temporary 
compression of the vessel, while they are seared 
with a hot iron, should be abandoned. There is 
no necessity for that extra pain of operating with 
clamps compressing the spermatic chord (the 
blood-vessels and the nerve), between two pieces 
of wood as tightly as in a vice, and there left 
until the following day, when it may be removed 
with a knife. 

The practice of cording or twitching colts 
at an early period, exposes the animal to much 
unnecessary pain, and is attended with no slight 
danger. 

Another method of castration is by torsion. An 
incision is made into the scrotum, and the vas 
defer ens is exposed and divided. The artery is 
then siezed by a pair of forceps contrived for the 
purpose, and twisted six or seven times round. 
It retracts without untwisting the coils, and bleed- 
ing ceases. The testicle is removed, and there 
is no sloughing or danger. The most painful 
operation is the operation of the firing-iron, 



126 THE VETERINARIAN. 

though the wound readily heals. It is to 
be remarked, in this connection, that the use of 
ether has been found very beneficial in perform- 
ing the operation in the old way, both in remov- 
ing all pain, and also preventing that severe 
struggling which often takes place, and which 
has sometimes been followed with very danger- 
ous consequences. With the assistance of this 
agent, the operation has been safely performed in 
seven minutes, without any pain to the animal. 

About twenty-five years ago there was a 
method introduced for castrating horses that has 
been used with much less danger and causing 
less pain than by any of the old methods, and 
that is with the ecraseur. 

To castrate a horse standing, place him in one 
corner, or back him into the stall; put a twitch 
on his nose; strap up one forefoot; have a man 
hold the twitch; hold the knife-blade between 
the thumb and fingers, point upwards, having the 
blade one and a half inches above the end of the 
thumb of the right hand; step up to the horse, 
on his left side; take hold of the stone nearest 
to you, between the thumb and index finger; 
plunge the knife into the stone, and with the 
same motion cut backwards and outwards, there- 



THE VETERINARIAN. 127 

by wounding the stone, and at the same time let 
it out of the scrotum (bag). Proceed in the same 
manner with the other stone; then put the chain 
of the ecraseur around the chords, up as close to 
the belly as possible, and pinch them both off by 
turning the screw of the ecraseur very slowly. 
Some horses will stand comparatively quiet while 
undergoing this operation, and some will fight 
and plunge, making it very dangerous for them- 
selves and the operator. Therefore, the author 
thinks it is far preferable and much safer, besides 
causing the animal less pain, by throwing him 
before commencing the operation. This consists 
of casting the animal, as recommended in this 
work, under the heading " Surgical Cases." 

Always throw him on the left side for perform- 
ing this operation. Tie one end of a rope around 
the pastern of the right hind leg, pass the other 
end of the rope between the front legs, then un- 
der the neck, then bring back around the pas- 
tern of the right hind leg again; then let this leg 
out of the hobbles, and draw the foot up close 
to the right shoulder; then let the stone out of 
the bag, without wounding the stone, thereby 
saving the horse much pain. Place the ecraseur 
around the chord, as close to the body as possible, 



128 THE VETERINARIAN. 

and pinch off the chord with a very slow and 
steady motion while turning the screw of the 
ecraseur. Proceed in the same manner with the 
other testicle. 

There is no danger of hemorrhage when this 
operation is properly performed; only be careful 
about turning the screw of the ecraseur; always 
turn it slowly, to give the artery a chance to 
clot, and the hemorrhage will not amount to a 
tablespoonful. 

The author thinks it good practice to wash the 
wounded parts with cold well-water, as it has a 
tendency to close the mouth of small blood-ves- 
sels and cleanse the parts at the same time. 
Then place the foot back in the hobbles before 
unscrewing them to let the horse up. 

In twenty-four hours after castration give both 
wounds a good opening with the fingers and take 
out the clotted blood. In forty-eighty hours 
after castration put a piece of lard the size of a 
hickory nut, well up in the wound, with the fin- 
gers; as a rule this is all the treatment necessary. 
If there should be any after-swelling of the 
sheath, puncture it in about four places, near the 
end, with a small, sharp knife, to let bloody 



THE VETERINARIAN. 129 

serum out, which will drop for several hours, 
and the swelling will rapidly diminish. 

DOCKING. 

This is an operation, whose only sanction is 
to be found in the requirements of a senseless 
fashion. " The convenience of the rider," which 
is sometimes urged in its favor, is the veriest non- 
sense. In truth, the operation is one of the most 
useless the brain of man ever devised; since, in- 
stead of adding to the beauty of the animal, as 
some assert, it adds deformity. Not many 
years back, this attempted improvement upon 
nature became a perfect mania. In England, 
this cruel practice is still used. It is to be hoped, 
however, that this operation in the United States 
will speedily be frowned down. If the operation 
must be performed, by all means give one of 
Humphrey's Physic Bolls, about forty-eight 
hours before operating, to prepare the system. 

The operation as now performed by veterin- 
ary surgeons, was introduced some years ago. It 
consists in passing a narrow-bladed knife — a 
pricking knife will answer — between the coccy- 
geal bones at the desired point, from above, 
downwards, cutting outwards and backwards, 



130 THE VETERINARIAN. 

on each side, so as to form two flaps, which are 
carefully brought together over the end of the 
tail, and secured by the interrupted suture; thus 
giving protection to the stump of the tail, and 
making a much neater finish than by any other 
method which could be adopted. No styptic 
whatever, is required, and there need be no fear 
of hemorrhage. The union generally takes 
place by what surgeons call first intention. 

If, however, the flaps do not fit nicely, healing 
will not take place without suppuration. This 
fact should be borne in mind in performing the 
operation, as much time in healing may thus be 
saved. 

By the old method, that joint is searched for 
which is nearest to the desired length of the tail. 
The hair is then turned up and tied around with 
tape for an inch or two above this joint, and that 
lying immediately upon the joint that is cut off. 
The horse is fettered with the side-line, and then 
the veterinary surgeon, with his docking ma- 
chine, or the farmer with his knife and mallet, 
cuts through the tail at one stroke. 

Some farmers dock their colts a few days after 
they are dropped. This is a commendable cus- 
tom, on the score of humanity. No colt was 



THE VETERINARIAN. 131 

ever lost by it. The growth of the hair and the 
beauty of the tail not being at all impaired. 

NICKING. 

This barbarous operation was once sanctioned 
by fashion, and the breeder and dealer are 
even now sometimes tempted to inflict the tor- 
ture of it in order to obtain a ready sale for their 
colts. It is not practiced to the extent that it 
used to be, nor is it attended by so many circum- 
stances of cruelty. 

Give one of Humphrey's Physic Bolls, forty- 
eight hours before operating. 

The operation is thus performed: The side- 
line is put on the horse, or, some persons deem it 
more prudent to cast him, and that precaution 
may be recommended; the hair at the end of 
the tail is securely tied together, for the purpose 
of afterwards attaching a weight to it; the 
operator then grasps the tail in his hand, and, 
lifting it up, feels for the centre of one of the 
bones — the prominence at the extremities guiding 
him — from two to four inches from the root of 
the tail, according to the size of the horse. He 
then, with a sharp knife, divides the muscles 
deeply from the edge of the tail on one side to 



182 THE VETERINARIAN. 

the centre, and, continuing the incision across 
the bone of the tail, he makes it as deep on the 
other side. One continued incision, steadily yet 
rapidy made, will accomplish all this. This will 
usually be sufficient. Two incisions are some- 
times made, the second being about two inches 
below the first, and likewise as nearly as possible 
in the centre of one of the bones. 

A third incision may be made ; for fashion has 
decided that his tail shall be still more elevated 
and curved. Two incisions only are made in 
the tail of a mare, and the second not very deep. 

When the second incision is made, some fibres 
of the muscles between the first and second will 
project into the wound, and must be removed by 
a pair of curved scissors. The same must be 
done with the projecting portions from between 
the second and third incisions. The wound 
should then be carefully examined, in order to 
ascertain that the muscles have been equally di- 
vided on each side, otherwise the tail will be car- 
ried awry. This being done, pieces of oakum 
must be introduced deeply into each incis- 
ion, and confined, but not too tightly, by a 
bandage. A very profuse bleeding only will jus- 
tify any tightness of bandage, and the ill conse- 



THE VETERINARIAN. 133 

quences that have resulted from nicking are 
mainly attributable to the unnecessary force that 
is used in confining these pledgets of oakum. 
Even if the bleeding, immediately after the 
operation, should have been very great, the 
roller must be loosened in two or three hours, 
otherwise swelling and inflammation, and even 
death, may possibly ensue. Twenty-four hours 
after the operation the bandage must be quite re- 
moved; and then all that is necessary, so far as 
the healing of the incisions is concerned, is to 
keep them clean. 

The wounds must remain open; and this can 
only be accomplished by forcibly keeping the 
tail curved back, during two or three weeks. For 
this purpose, a cord one or two feet in length is 
affixed to the end of the hair which terminates 
in another divided cord, each division going over 
a pulley on each side of the back of the stall. A 
weight is hung at each extremity, sufficient to 
keep the incisions properly open, and regulated by 
the degree in which this is wished to be accom- 
plish 2d. The animal will thus be retained in an 
uneasy position, although, after the first two or 
three days, probably not of acute pain. It is 
barbarous to increase this uneasiness or pain by 



134 THE VETERINARIAN. 



affixing too great a weight to the cords; for it 
should be remembered that the proper elevated 
curve is given to the tail, not by the weights 
keeping it in a certain position for a consider- 
able time, but by the depth of the first incisions, 
and the degree" in which the wounds are kept 
open. 

The dock should not, for the first three or four 
days, be brought higher than the back. Danger- 
ous irritation and inflammation would probably 
otherwise be produced. It may after that be 
gradually raised to an elevation of forty-five de- 
grees. The horse should be taken out of the pul- 
leys and gently exercised once or twice every 
day; but the pulleys cannot be finally dispensed 
with until a fortnight after the wounds have 
healed; because the process of contraction, or 
the approach of the divided parts, goes on for 
some time after the skin is perfect over the incis- 
ion, and the tail would thus sink below the de- 
sired elevation. If the tail has not been unneces- 
sarily extended by enormous weights, no bad 
consequences will usually follow; but if consider- 
able inflammation should ensue, the tail must be 
taken from the pulley and carefully fomented 
with simple warm water. 



THE VETERINARIAN. 135 

Locked-jaw has in some rare instances fol- 
lowed, under which the horse generally perishes. 
The best means of cure, in the early state of this 
disease, is to amputate the tail at the joint above 
the highest incision. In order to prevent the 
hair from coming off, it should be unplaited and 
combed out every fourth or fifth day. 

THE TEETH. 

THE FIRST APPEARANCE AND SUCCESSIVE CHANGES 
OF THE TEETH, WITH MARKS AND THEIR 
DESCRIPTIONS FROM COMMENCEMENT TO MA- 
TURITY. 

Seven or eight months before the foal is 
born, the germs, or beginnings of the teeth, 
are visible in the cavities of the jaws. At 
the time of birth, the first and second grind- 
ers have appeared large, compared with the size 
of the jaws; seemingly filling them. In the course 
of seven or eight days the two centre nippers are 
seen. ^ 

In the course of the first month the third 
grinder appears above and below; and not long 
after, generally before six weeks have expired, 
another incisor, (tooth) above and below, will be 



136 THE VETERINARIAN. 

seen on each side of the two first, which have now 
considerably grown, but not attained their per- 
fect height. 

At two months the centre nippers will have 
reached their natural level, and between the 
second and third month the second pair will 
have overtaken them. They will then begin to 
wear a little, and the outer edge, which was at first 
somewhat raised and sharp, is brought to a level 
with the inner edge, and so the mouth continues, 
until some time between the sixth and ninth 
month, when another nipper begins to appear 
on each side of the first two, making six above 
and below, and completing the colt's mouth; 
after which the only observable difference, until 
between the second and third year, is in the wear 
and tear of these teeth. 

These teeth are covered with a polished and 
exceedingly hard enamel; indeed, it is so hard 
that it almost bids defiance to the action of a 
file. It spreads over that portion of the tooth 
which appears above the gum, and not only so, 
but as they are to be so much employed in nip- 
ping up the grass and gathering the animal's 
food — and in such employment even this hard 
substance must be gradually worn away — a por- 



THE VETERINARIAN. 137 



tion of it, as it passes over the upper surface of 
the teeth, is bent inward, and sunk into the body 
of the teeth, and forms a little pit in them. The 
inside and bottom of this pit being blackened by 
the food, constitute the 7?iark in them, by the 
gradual disappearance of which, in consequence 
of the wearing down of the teeth, we are en- 
abled for several years to judge of the age of 
the animal. 

The colt's nipping teeth are rounded in front, 
somewhat hollow toward the mouth, and pre- 
senting a cutting surface, with the outer edge ris- 
ing in a slanting direction above the inner edge. 
This, however, soon begins to wear down, until 
both surfaces are level, and the mark, which was 
originally long and narrow, becomes shorter, 
wider, and fainter. At six months the four nip- 
pers are beginning to wear to a level. 

The four middle teeth are almost level, and 
the corners are becoming so. The mark in the 
two middle teeth is wide and faint; in the next 
two teeth it is longer, darker, and narrower. In 
the corner teeth it is longest, darkest, and still 
narrower. 

The back teeth, or grinders, will not guide us 
far in ascertaining the age of the animal, for we 



138 THE VETERINARIAN. 

cannot easily inspect them; but there are some 
interesting particulars connected with them. 
The foal is born with two grinders in each jaw, 
above and below, or they appear within two or 
three days after birth. Before the expiration of 
the month they are succeeded by a third, more 
backward. The crowns of the grinders are en- 
tirely covered with enamel on the tops and 
sides, but attrition soon wears it away from the 
top, and there remains a compound surface of 
alternate layers of crusta petrosa, (enamel and 
ivory), which are employed in grinding down the 
hardest portions of the food. Nature has there- 
fore made an additional provision for their 
strength and endurance. 

At the completion of the first year a fourth 
grinder usually comes up, and the yearling has 
then, or soon afterwards, six nippers and four 
grinders above and below on each jaw, which, 
with the alteration in the nippers just described, 
will enable us to calculate the age of the colt, sub- 
ject to some variations arising from the period of 
weaning and the nature of the food. 

At the age of one year and a half the mark in 
the central nippers , will be much shorter and 
fainter; that in the two other pairs will have un- 



THE VETERINARIAN. 130 

dergone an evident change, and all the nippers 
will be flat. At two years this will be more 
manifest. 

About this period a fifth grinder will appear, 
and now, likewise, commences another process. 
The first teeth are adapted to the size and wants 
of the young animals. They are sufficiently 
large to fill the colt's jaws; but when these 
bones have expanded with the increasing 
growth of the animal, the teeth are separated too 
far from each other to be useful, and another 
and larger set is required. The second teeth 
then begin to push up from below, and the fangs 
of the first are absorbed, until the former ap- 
proach the surface of the gum, when they drop 
out. Where the temporary teeth do not rise im- 
mediately under the milk teeth, but by their sides, 
the latter, being pressed sideways, are absorbed 
throughout their whole length. They grow nar- 
row, are pushed out of place, and cause incon- 
venience to the gum, and sometimes to the 
cheek, and should be extracted. 

The teeth which first appeared are first re- 
newed, and therefore the front or first grinders 
are changed at the age of two years. During the 
period between the falling out of the central milk 



140 THE VETERINARIAN. 

teeth and the coming up of the permanent ones, the 
colt, having a broken mouth, may find some dif- 
ficulty in grazing. If he should fall away consid- 
erably in condition, he should be fed with 
mashes or cut feed. 

The central teeth are larger than the others, 
with two grooves in the entire convex surface, and 
the mark is long, narrow, deep and black. Not 
having yet attained their full growth, they are 
lower than the others. The mark in the next 
two nippers is nearly worn out, and it is wearing 
away in the corner nippers. 

Is it possible to give this mouth to an early two- 
year -old ? 

The ages of all horses used to be reckoned 
from the first of May; but some are foaled even 
as early as January, and being actually four 
months over the two years, if they have been 
well nursed and fed, and are strong and large, 
they may, with the inexperienced, have an addi- 
tional year put upon them. The central nippers 
are punched or drawn out, and the others ap- 
pear three or four months earlier than they 
otherwise would. In the natural process they 
would only rise by long pressing upon the first 
teeth, and causing their absorption. But. oppo- 



THE VETERINARIAN. 141 



sition from the first set being removed, it is easy 
to imagine that their progress will be more rapid. 
Three or four months will be gained in the ap- 
pearance of these teeth, and these three or four 
months will enable the breeder to term him a 
late colt of the preceding year. To him, how- 
ever, who is accustomed to horses, the general 
form of the animal, the little development of the 
fore-hand, the continuance of the mark upon the 
next pair of nippers, its more evident existence 
in the corner ones, some enlargement or irregular- 
ity about the gums from the violence used in forc- 
ing out the teeth, the small growth of the first and 
fifth grinders, and the non-appearance of the sixth 
grinder, which, if it be not through the gum at 
three years old, is swelling under it, and prepar- 
ing to get through — any, or all of these circum- 
stances, carefully attended to, will be a sufficient 
security against deception. 

A horse at three years old ought to have the 
central permanent nippers growing, the other 
two pairs wasting, six grinders in each jaw, 
above and below, the first and fifth level, the 
others and the sixth protruding. The sharp 
edge of new incisors will be very evident when 
compared with the old teeth. 



142 THE VETERINARIAN. 

As the permanent nippers wear and continue 
to grow, a narrow portion of the cone-shaped 
tooth is exposed by the attrition, and they look 
as if they had been compressed; but it is not so. 
Not only will the mark be wearing out, but the 
crowns of the teeth will be sensibly smaller. 

At three years and a half, or between that and 
four, the next pair of nippers will be changed, 
and the mouth at that time cannot be mistaken, 
the central nippers will have attained nearly their 
full growth. A vacuity will be left where the 
second stood, or they will begin to peep above the 
gum, and the corner ones will be diminished in 
breadth, worn down, and the mark becoming 
small and faint. At this period, likewise, the 
second pair of grinders will be shed. 

At four years the central nipper will be fully 
developed; the sharp edge somewhat worn off, 
and the mark shorter, wider and fainter. 

The next pair will be up; but they will be 
small, with the mark deep and extending quite 
across them. The corner nippers will be larger 
than the inside ones, yet smaller than they were, 
and flat, and the mark nearly effaced. The sixth 
grinders will have risen to a level with the 6thers, 
and the tusks will begin to appear. 



THE VETERINAEIAN. 143 

The tusks are four in number — two in each 
jaw — situated between the nippers and the grind- 
ers, much nearer to the former than the latter, 
and nearer in the lower than in the upper; but 
these distances increase in both jaws with the 
age. 

In shape the tusk somewhat resembles a cone; 
protrudes from the gum about half an inch, and 
is sharp, pointed and curved. The appear- 
ance of this tusk in a horse may vary from four 
years to four years and six months. It can only 
be accelerated a few weeks by cutting the gum 
over it. 

At four years and a half, or between that and 
five, the last important change takes place in the 
mouth of the horse; The corner nippers are 
shed, and the permanent ones begin to appear. 
The central nippers are considerably worn, and 
the next pair are commencing to show marks of 
usage. The tusk has now protruded and is gen- 
erally a full inch in height. Externally it has a 
rounded prominence, with a groove on either side, 
and it is evidently hollowed within. 

The reader scarcely needs to be told that after 
the rising 6f the corner nipper the animal changes 



144 THE VETERINARIAN. 

its name — the colt becomes a horse, the filly, a 
mare. 

At five years the horse's mouth is almost per- 
fect. The corner nippers are quite up, with the 
long, deep mark, irregular in the inside, and the 
other nippers bearing evident tokens of increased 
wearing. The tusk is much grown, the grooves 
have almost or quite disappeared, and the outer 
surface is regularly convex. It is still as con- 
cave within, and with the edge nearly as sharp 
as it was six months before. The sixth molar is 
quite up, and the third molar is wanting. This 
last circumstance, if the general appearance of 
the animal, and particularly his forehand, and 
the wearing of the central nippers, and the growth 
and shape of the tusks be likewise carefully at- 
tended to, will prevent deception if a late four-year- 
old is attempted to be substituted for a five-year- 
old. The nippers may be brought up a few months 
before their time, and the tusks a few weeks; 
but the grinder is with difficulty displaced. The 
last three grinders and the tusks are never shed. 

A mare seldom has tusks. 

At six years the piark on the central nippers is 
worn out. There will, still be a difference ; of 
color in the centre of the tooth. The cement 



THE VETERINARIAN. 145 

filling up the hole, made by the dipping of the 
enamel, will present a browner hue than the 
other parts of the tooth; and it will be evidently 
surrounded by an edge of enamel, and there will 
always remain a little depression in the centre, and 
also a depression around the case of enamel; 
but the deep hole in the centre of the teeth, with 
the blackened surface which it presents, and the 
elevated edge of enamel, will have disappeared. 
Persons not much accustomed to horses have 
been puzzled here. They expected to find a 
plain surface of uniform color, and knew not 
what conclusion to draw when there were both 
discoloration and irregularity. 

In the next incisors, the mark is shorter, 
broader, and fainter, and in the corner teeth the 
edges of the enamel are more regular and the 
surface is evidently worn. The tusk has at- 
tained its full growth, being nearly or quite an 
inch long, convex outward, concave within, tend- 
ing to a point, and the extremity somewhat 
curved. The third grinder is fairly up, and all 
the grinders are level. 

The horse may now be said to have a perfect 
mouth. All the teeth are produced, fully grown, 
and have sustained no material injury. During 



146 THE VETERINARIAN. 

these important changes of the teeth the animal 
has suffered less than could be supposed possi- 
ble. 

At seven years, the mark, in the way in which 
it has been described, is worn out in the four 
central nippers, and is fast wearing away in the 
corner teeth; the tusk is also beginning to be 
altered. It is rounded at the point, rounded at 
the edges, still round without, and beginning to 
get round inside. 

At eight years old the tusk is rounder in every 
way; the mark is gone from all the bottom nip- 
pers, and it may almost be said to be out of the 
mouth. There is nothing remaining in the bot- 
tom nippers that can clearly show the age of the 
horse or justify the most experienced examiner in 
giving a positive opinion. This should be distinct- 
ly borne in mind. It is easy, from many general 
signs, to see that a horse is above eight years 
old; but it is impossible to judge, certainly, how 
much older. The length and angularity of the 
nippers, the depth of the super-orbital cavities, 
and other points of information, may enable a 
good judge to guess, ^comparatively, but never to 
speak surely. Dealers have resorted to a method 
of prolonging the mark on the lower nippers. It 



THE VETERINARIAN. 147 

is called "bishoping." The operation is per- 
formed with a pegging awl. A hole is dug in the 
now almost plain surface of the teeth, in shape 
resembling the mark yet left in those of a seven- 
year-old horse. The hole is then blackened with 
the point of a black lead pencil, moistened, and 
dipped in powdered nitrate of silver. Inexperi- 
enced men would be very easily deceived by this 
trick. Horsemen, after the animal is eight years 
old, are accustomed to look at the nippers in the 
upper jaw, and some conclusion can be drawn 
from the appearance which they present. It 
cannot be doubted that the mark remains in 
them for some years after it has been obliterated 
in the nippers of the lower jaw. There are 
various opinions as to the intervals between the 
disappearance of the mark from the different 
cutting teeth of the upper jaw. Some have 
averaged it at two years, and others at one. The 
latter opinion is more commonly adopted by 
those most conversant, and then the age is thus 
determined. 

At nine years the mark will be worn from the 
middle nippers; from the next pair, at ten; and 
from the upper nippers, at eleven. During 
these periods the tusk is likewise undergoing a 



148 THE VETERINARIAN. 

manifest change. It is blunter, rounder, and 
shorter. In what degree this takes place in the 
different periods, long and favorable opportu- 
nities can alone enable the horseman to decide. 
The alteration in form of the tusks is frequently 
uncertain. It will sometimes be blunt at eight; 
and at others remain pointed at eighteen. 

After eleven, and until the horse is very old, 
the age may be guessed at with some degree of 
confidence, from the shape of the upper surface 
or extremity of the nippers. At eight they are all 
oval, the length of the oval running across from 
tooth to tooth; but as the horse gets older, the 
teeth diminish in size — and this commencing in 
their width, and not in their thickness. They 
become a little apart from each other, and their 
surfaces become round instead of oval. At nine, 
the centre nippers are evidently so; at ten, the 
others begin to have their ovals shortened. 
At eleven, the second pair of nippers is quite 
rounded; and at thirteen, the corner ones have 
also that appearance. At fourteen, the faces of 
the central nippers become somewhat triangular. 
At seventeen, they are all so. At nineteen, the 
angles begin to wear off, and the central teeth are 
again oval, but in a reversed direction, viz., from 



THE VETERINARIAN. 149 

outward, inward; and at twenty-one, they all 
wear this form. 

It would of course be folly to expect anything 
like a certainty in an opinion of the exact age of 
an old horse as drawn from the above indica- 
tions. It is contended by some, though denied by 
others, that stabled horses have the marks sooner 
worn out than those that are at grass; and crib- 
biters still sooner. At nine or ten, the bars of 
the mouth become less prominent and their reg- 
ular diminution will designate increasing age. At 
eleven or twelve, the lower nippers change their 
original upright direction and project forward 
horizontally, becoming of a yellow color. 

The general indications of old age, independent 
of the teeth, are the deepening of the hollows 
over the eyes; gray hairs, and particularly over 
the eyes and about the muzzle; thinness and 
hanging down of the lips; sharpness of the 
withers, sinking of the back, lengthening of the 
quarters and the disappearance of windgalh* 
spavins and tumors of every kind. 

Horses kindly and not prematurely used, some- 
times live to between thirty-five and forty-five 
years of age. 



150 THE VETERINARIAN. 

EXTRACTING TEETH. 

When a carious tooth, or one so unequally 
worn as to cause mischief is discovered, its re- 
moval is necessary to the restoration of the ani- 
mal's health. In order to accomplish this the 
horse must be cast, and the age of the animal 
considered, in order to make choice of proper in- 
struments. If he is young — say from four to six 
years — an instrument made similar to the key 
used by surgeon dentists, is the best adapted; if 
he is old, a pair of forceps of large size, made in 
the same manner as the tooth-forceps of dentists, 
will answer, as the roots of the teeth in old 
horses are comparatively short, and therefore 
may be easily extracted. 

The molar teeth of horses often want filing on 
the sides — enough to take off the sharp edges. 
In doing this we stop the teeth from cutting the 
cheeks and tongue. 

DENTITION OF ANIMALS. 

Man has 32 Teeth. 

Horse " 40 " 

Mare " 36 

Ox " 32 

Dog " 42 " 

Pig " 44 " 

Sheep " 32 " 



THE VETERINARIAN. 151 

SLOBBERING. 

This trouble is often caused by giving the 
horse too much clover hay; sometimes we are 
unable to trace it to any cause. By some horse- 
men it is attributed to a flabby condition of the 
inside of the mouth near the first molar teeth, on 
the lower jaw, and called the bags. These are 
sometimes cut by placing the thumb on the in- 
side of the lip, and with the fingers of the same 
hand turn the bag out, and with a sharp knife 
make a deep incision to the bottom of the bag. 
Give Humphrey's Veterinary Blood Remedy, 
once a day, until the wound is healed; the result 
will be beneficial. 

DISEASES OF THE LIVER. 

Diseases of the liver are of very common oc- 
currence in the horse, although the singularity of 
the internal structure of that animal renders it 
less liable to jaundice than that of the human 
being. The horse possesses no gall-bladder; in- 
stead of such a reservoir it has simply a gall- 
duct, called the hepatic duct, which enters that 
portion of the intestines called the duodenum, 
about six inches from the stomach, so that the 



152 THE VETERINARIAN. 

gall is emptied into the bowels as fast as it is se- 
creted. 

HEPATIRRHCEA. 

This is a rupture of the peritoneal coat of the 
liver, and hemorrhage from it. It occurs most 
generally in aged horses and is always preceded 
by structural derangement, or disorganization, 
which, from the obscurity of the symptoms, 
escapes notice until it is too late for medical aid. 
The animal generally does his work as usual 
until within a few hours of his death, keeping in 
full condition, and presenting to the eye of his 
owner no appearance of disease. The symptoms 
are so gradual in their development as to escape 
observation until the peritoneum, or covering of 
the liver, gives way or becomes ruptured, from 
the great distension of the liver, when the blood 
flows freely into the abdominal cavity, giving 
rise to the most alarming symptoms, and the 
horse often dies within an hour after he is first 
discovered to be ill. 

The symptoms which are noticeable are sud- 
denly developed, and generally appear immedi- 
ately after eating or drinking. The animal will 
sometimes fall suddenly and die in a few min- 



THE VETERINARIAN. 15S 

utes, without having shown any previous indispo- 
sition; at other times the respiration becomes hur- 
ried, the belly begins to swell, the pulse becomes 
gradually diminished and very feeble, partial or 
general sv» eating takes place, the animal walks 
with a tottering gait, the membrane lining the 
eyelids, lips and nose becomes blanched, indi- 
cating internal hemorrhage, there is a vacant 
stare in the eye, with great prostration of 
strength, which soon terminates in death. Upon 
opening the abdomen it is found filled with dark 
venous blood, in a fluid state, and the liver is 
several times its natural size, and exceedingly 
tender. Where it is possible to detect the exist- 
ence of the disease in its incipient stages, calomel 
would be the appropriate remedy, as it is as justly 
entitled to rank as a specific for the diseases of 
the liver of the horse, as it is for his master. 

DECAYED STRUCTURE OF THE LIVER. 

This also is a disease of common occurrence, 
though, like the other diseases of this organ, the 
symptoms, from their obscurity, are not well 
understood by the veterinary practitioner, but 
little attention having as yet been paid to its in- 
vestigation. 



154 THE VETERINARIAN. 

The first symptoms noticed are loss of appe- 
tite; surfeit; and being hide-bound; rough, star- 
ing coat; food passing undigested; stools of a 
clay color; prostration of strength; readiness of 
sweat; pulse quick, but feeble; respiration hur- 
ried. 

TREATMENT. 

Give one of Humphrey's Physic Bolls, fol- 
lowed by Humphrey's Condition Powders, as 
per directions. 

INFLAMMATION OF THE LIVER. 

Hepatitis, or inflammation of the liver, does 
not generally exist as a primary affection, though 
it is frequently found as a sympathetic one, being 
not uncommonly connected with epidemic, or 
epizootic diseases, particularly in that which is 
known to horsemen as pink-eye distemper. 

The most common cause of this disease is a 
fullness of blood, or a plethoric condition of the 
system, in consequence of which too much blood 
is sent to the liver; want of exercise, and too 
high feeding, particularly with corn, are also 
causes of inflammation of this important organ. 

The symptoms of' this disease are more ob- 
scure than those of any other part, and the difH- 



The Veterinarian. 155 

culty is materially enhanced by the inability of 
the animal to assist us with his tongue. Still, by 
close observation we can trace the symtoms with 
such a degree of accuracy as to render our treat- 
ment almost a certainty. The mouth and breath 
are hot; the extremities cold; the membrane lin- 
ing the eyelids highly injected, presenting an 
orange-red appearance; the pulse rises from 
seventy to one hundred or more a minute, and is 
soft and full; the appetite lost; the animal looks 
wistfully and deploringly at his sides; lies down, 
but gets up again directly; the respiration at 
times is perfectly tranquil, at other times slightly 
disturbed and at others again very much dis- 
turbed and distressing to the animal — so that in 
fact, the amateur cannot be governed by this 
symptom — there is usually much tenderness of 
the right side; and the dung small, hard and 
generally dark colored. 

In the acute stage the animal is generally in a 
state of plethora, in consequence of which a 
small, quantity of blood may be taken to good 
advantage; but in the absence of plethora he 
must not bleed. Humphrey's Spavin Blister 
may be applied to the sides and will be found 
serviceable. Injections of castiie soap and water 



156 THE VETERINARIAN. 

should be used occasionally until the bowels are 
opened. Give one of Humphrey's Physic 
Bolls in the first stages. Keep the body warm 
and bandage the legs with flannel; turn into a 
loose box-stall, where the atmosphere is pure. 
When convalescent, give one of the following 
bolls, night and morning: Of sulphate of iron, 
two ounces; pulverized gentian root, one and a 
half ounces; pulverized Jamaica ginger, one 
ounce; and pulverized anise seed, one ounce; 
mix with molasses and divide into sixteen parts, 
or give Humphrey's Blood Remedy as per di- 
rections, which is decidedly preferable. 

JAUNDICE. 

This disease depends upon an obstruction of 
the biliary excretions, causing a yellow discolora- 
tion of the mucous membrane, fat, ligaments, 
and other tissues of the body; it will oftener be 
found in connection with other diseases than 
distinct and independent of them, although it does 
occasionally exist in a pure, or unmixed form, the 
symptoms of which are not at first observed by 
the horseman, on account of their obscurity. 
The lining membranes of the eyelids and lips are 
of a yellow or orange color, extending even to 



THE VETERINARIAN. 157 

the white of the eye. The dung pale, small, and 
dry; bowels generally constipated; appetite lost 
or languid; the animal hangs his head, is dull 
and mopy, and becomes very poor in flesh. 

In the treatment of this disease the principal 
reliance is upon calomel; two drachms of which, 
made into a bolus with flaxseed meal and molas- 
ses should be given, followed in twenty-four 
hours by one of Humphrey's Physic Bolls. 
The animal should have moderate daily exercise; 
his body should be kept warm; and if there be 
pain in the right side, apply Humphrey's Spavin 
Blister. If necessary the calomel may be re- 
peated in scruple doses, once a week, followed 
by Humphrey's Condition Powder as a tonic. 

AZOTURIA. 

Azoturia is a disease that attacks a horse that 
has been working, and then left idle in the stable 
and fed with nutritious food, producing a large 
amount of albumen, particularly in the blood, 
then taken out and exercised, causing an excess 
of urea and hippuric acid; causing partial or 
complete loss of power of the hind limbs, due to 
spasms of the muscles of the loin and tissue, in 
connection affecting the kidneys more or less, 



158 THE VETERINARIAN. 

When it attacks the gluteal muscles it is not so 
severe as it is when it attacks the psoas muscles. 
In some cases the covering of the spinal 
cord may be affected, also the sheath of the 
nerves. Sometimes the secretion of the kidneys 
are arrested. The faster the horse is driven 
the more serious the attack will be. It is most 
common in the winter months. The symptoms 
begin to exhibit by an unusual degree of rest- 
lessness, perspiring profusely, with a disposition 
to lie down; a stiff gait; weakness in the hind- 
quarters; frequent pulse; redness of the mucous 
membrane; anxious expression of countenance, 
a remarkable swelling of great firmness over the 
loins and hips. When there is any discharge of 
urine it is of a dark red or brown color; the ani- 
mal is more or less bloated; great difficulty of 
breathing, and if the animal is not relieved death 
ensues. 

Azoturia is often taken for inflammation of 
the kidneys. If the animal is properly treated 
in time, the symptoms will disappear, perhaps, in 
from four to ten hours, and in two or three days 
the animal will be well. 

TREATMENT. 

In the first stages give one of Humphrey's 



THE VETERINARIAN. 159 

Physic Bolls. Apply blankets immersed in hot 
water over the loins and cover with a dry- 
blanket, or you may apply Humphrey's Good 
Samaritan linament, rubbed in as a sham- 
poo over the loins; or mustard may be used. 
If the patient cannot urinate, the water 
must be drawn with a catheter, (an in- 
strument for emptying the bladder). Give 
one ounce sweet spirits of nitre every two 
hours. If after a few hours the pulse beats 
rapidly, give twenty drops of tincture of aconite 
root, every three hours, or give Humphrey's 
Fever Remedy, which is safe and reliable. Give 
the patient water in small amounts at frequent 
intervals, (for he will be thirsty), turning him 
from side to side often. If there is any improve- 
ment try to get him up on his feet. He will 
probably stand but a short time and then lie 
down again. Do not allow him to lie too long. 
Use the sling if possible. If the patient seems 
to be suffering with great pain, give one ounce 
laudanum and one ounce sulphuric ether or 
Humphrey's Celebrated Colic Cure, in half- 
sized doses, in one-half pint of water once in 
three hours, until he is easier. In the early stages 
it might be beneficial to bleed. Keep the patient 



160 THE VETERINARIAN. 

on his feet as much as possible. When con- 
valescent give Humphrey's Condition Powder. 

CAPPED ELBOW, OR SHOE BOIL. 
This is commonly a serous abscess, with con- 
siderable thickening of the surrounding tissue at 
the point of the elbow and is generally caused by 
laying on the heel of the shoe, which bruises the 
part. 

TREATMENT. 

Throw the horse and with the knife dissect the 
entire tumor ; close the wound with stitches 
and bathe with Humphrey's Good Samaritan. 
After-treatment is the same as that of any 
wound. If this operation is properly performed 
there is no danger of the tumor ever returning. 

When a shoe boil is first noticeable, apply 
Humphrey's Spavin Blister, and nail a joist, 
two by four, flatwise across the stall, about six 
inches back of the horse's front feet. Pad the 
foot every night, thereby changing the manner 
of his lying down, and the shoe boil will, in all 
probability, disappear. 

CLEANSING THE SHEATH. 
This very important part of the care of horses 
is often neglected, Geldings often become dirty 



THE VETERINARIAN. 16i 

or foul in the sheath and should be cleansed fre- 
quently, as there is nothing more filthy in a horse 
than a sheath that becomes covered with a scaly 
sebaceous substance inside. When the sheath is 
in this state there will always be a lump at the 
head of the penis, in the mouth of the urethra, 
called a bean by horsemen. This should be re- 
moved. 

All that is required for cleansing a horse's 
sheath is a pail of warm water, a sponge or rag, 
a piece of castile soap and a piece of lard about 
the size of a walnut. Care should be taken by 
the person cleansing the sheath to have his nails 
trimmed short, to avoid the possibility of scratch- 
ing. 

In washing the sheath be careful not to pull 
off the scales; soak them off with warm water 
and soap. After the parts are cleansed and 
dried, apply the lard. 

If the urine should be thick and cloudy, give 
every morning a dose of Humphrey's Veterin- 
ary Fever Remedy, then take a piece of rosin 
as large as a hickory nut, crush to a powder, and 
a tablespoonful of castile soap shavings; mix 
them with the horse's food for five consecutive 
nights, by which time the urine will be clear. 



162 THE VETERINARIAN. 

STOPPAGE OF THE WATER. 
The symptoms are violent pawing; shifting 
position and constantly manifesting a disposition 
to lie down; anxiously looking at the sides; fre- 
quent efforts to make water, and a cold sweat 
breaks out all over the body. 

TREATMENT. 

Relieve the patient of pain by giving Hum- 
phrey's Colic Cure, as directed, alternately 
with Fever Specific, No. i. Apply warm salt 
and water to the loins, and mustard to the abdo- 
men. 

PROFUSE STALLING. 

This disorder, called also diabetes, is of fre- 
quent occurrence in the horse, and is attended with 
debility, impaired appetite and sometimes loss of 
flesh. The causes are, powerful diuretics, un- 
wholsome food and foul air. The treatment is 
simple and effective; a great variety of medic- 
inal substances being used in its abatement. 
Give one of the following bolls every day, for 
five days: one drachm iodine, five drachms 
powdered liquorice root, followed by Hum- 
phrey's Condition Powders, according to di- 
rections. Humphrey's Nerve Remedy can 



THE VETERINARIAN. 163 

also be given with decided advantage for this 
disease. 

STONES IN THE BLADDER. 

These differ from stones in the kidneys in 
form and external appearance; presenting, in 
consequence of the constant washings of the cal- 
culus by the urine, an uneven, or what is called 
a mulberry appearance; externally, it is of a red- 
dish-brown color. When these stones are quite 
large very great inconvenience is occasioned to 
the animal. 

Stones in the bladder may exist a long time 
before any perceptible symptoms of their exist- 
ence are manifested. The urine is generally 
thick and of a whitish color, with frequent desire 
to void the urine, accompanied with difficulty 
and pain; the urine occasionally presents a 
bloody appearance; in some cases all the symp- 
toms of colic are present, rendering it difficult to 
distinguish between the two disorders. If the 
pain is severe, the animal paws violently, kicks 
at his sheath, lies down, rolls, and gets up again 
quickly, sweats in various parts of the body, giv- 
ing off the odor of urine, give Humphrey's 
Celebrated Colic Cure to relieve the pain, 



164 THE VETERINARIAN. 

then if relief is not obtained, apply to some 
good veterinary surgeon. 

BOTS. 

These are the larvae of the gad-fly. During 
the summer months, when the horse is at grass, 
the parent fly is seen busily engaged in deposit- 
ing its eggs upon the hairs of the animal, in such 
places as are easily reached by his mouth. This 
seems to be an instinctive feature in this insect. 
The legs, shoulders and body are the parts se- 
lected for this purpose. The gad-fly is seen 
hovering in an upright position when about to 
deposit her egg; she then darts upon the horse, 
fixing the egg to the hairs by means of a gluti- 
nous substance; she again prepares another, 
which is deposited in like manner, until many 
hundreds are observed covering the hairs of the 
animal. The rapidity with which these eggs are 
prepared and deposited is astonishing. They 
are taken into the mouth by the animal biting or 
licking himself or his mate, and are hatched upon 
the tongue, or taken into the stomach and there 
hatched. If the eggs are recently produced, they 
pass into the stomach before they are hatched; 
but if they remain for a considerable time upon 



THE VETERINARIAN. 165 

the hairs they are hatched by the warmth of the 
tongue and they pass into the stomach, where 
they are developed. This fact may be easily and 
satisfactorily proven, by taking the newly depos- 
ited egg in the hand, and then applying a warm 
fluid, when it will be observed that the egg is 
softened or dissolved, but does not produce the 
Bot; whereas, if the egg be old, it will hatch in 
the hand. 

There are no symptoms by which the existence 
of bots is indicated, except it be in the spring, 
when they pass from the horse by the fundament, 
assuming again the form of a chrysalis to 
reproduce the parent fly. The symptoms of 
other diseases, as inflammation of the bowels, 
etc., are often assigned as indicating the pres- 
ence of bots; but, although bots may some- 
times give rise to these conditions, it is worse 
than folly to jump at the probable cause in 
such cases and say that it is a case of bots 
because a horse looks at his sides, and the 
like. When such an instance is encountered, no 
matter whether it arise from bots or not, the ani- 
mal must be treated for the inflammation which 
is present. If we succeed in controlling it, and 
restoring the stomach to healthy action, the bots 



166 THE VETERINARIAN. 

are no longer troublesome; but if, on the con- 
trary, we commence drenching the animal for 
bots, the chances are that we shall kill him. 
Morbid conditions of the stomach will sometimes 
so incommode these little creatures as to cause 
them to escape from their unpleasant situation, 
which is commonly effected by perforating the 
walls of the stomach and allowing the fluids to 
escape into the abdomen, in which case no medi- 
cal agent will save the animal's life. Fortu- 
nately, however, these cases but rarely occur. 

You may put them into new rum and keep 
them for weeks, and on taking them out and ex- 
posing them to the sun's rays they will manifest 
vitality. We all know that the moment the 
breath leaves the horse's body it is subject to the 
common law of decomposition; but the central 
organs, where the greatest activity prevailed dur- 
ing life, are generally the first to succumb. 

The stomach being partly decomposed offers 
but little opposition to their encroachments. 
They burst their prison-house and hence are 
found in the abdominal cavity, and when there, 
they may be said to have jumped from the " fry- 
ing pan into the fire." 

Open a horse immediately after death, and 



THE VETERINARIAN. 167 

provided his stomach be in a healthy state, you 
will find that bots have not penetrated beyond 
the cuticular coat of it; but if he shall not be ex- 
amined until some hours have elapsed, the bots 
may be found to have passed through the walls 
of the decomposed stomach and its peritoneal 
tunic. 

We contend that the stomach of a horse is the 
natural habitation of the bot during its minor- 
ity, and at the proper season, the digestive canal 
is the usual channel for its introduction into the 
external world. They are in the same condition 
as a new-born babe, or an idiot. 

We very much doubt if the bot can at any 
time, by voluntary act, vacate the body of 
the horse. Veterinary surgeons have long 
since discarded the absurd notion, that bots 
are the cause of any suffering to the horse. In 
fact, some of the most eminent of them assert 
that these little creatures, with their rough ex- 
terior, are rather beneficial than otherwise and 
that by friction and irritation they arouse the 
sluggishness of the stomach and thus promote 
digestion. 

It will be borne in mind that in large cities, 
where horses are not indulged in a run at grass. 



168 THE VETERINARIAN. 

it is no unusual occurrence to find their stomachs 
free from bots. 

INFLAMMATION OF THE MEMBRANE 
NICTITANS. 

This affection is commonly called haw or 
hooks. The membrane affected is somewhat 
triangular in form, concave on the inner side and 
convex externally. It is mainly composed of 
cartilage or gristle and is situated between the 
eye-ball and the side orbit, at the inner corner of 
the eye. In a perfectly healthy state but a very 
small portion of this membrane is visible; but 
when inflamed it bulges out very considerably. 
A portion of the membrane covering it becom- 
ing, as it were, folded upon itself, presents a 
hook-like appearance, which has been regarded 
by some persons as a foreign substance, to which 
the name of " hooks " has been given, and its re- 
moval with the knife recommended by them. It 
so happens, however, that this membrane is 
placed in the eye or attached thereto to serve a 
useful purpose — that of cleansing the eye from 
dirt or any foreign substance that may chance to 
get in it, which is accomplished by throwing it 



THE VETERINARIAN. 169 

over the ball of the eye and removing any ob- 
struction. 

Injury must result from cutting away any por- 
tion of this membrane, as its function is in part 
destroyed, since the animal can no longer throw- 
it over the ball of the eye with the same facility 
as before the operation was performed. 

TREATMENT. 

Give one of Humphrey's Physic Bolls; 
bleed from the eye-vein beneath the eye; place 
some food on the ground to induce the patient 
to lower his head and the blood will flow freely; 
wet a cloth with cold water and fasten it to the 
halter so that it will cover the eye; give Hum- 
phrey's Fever Remedy as directed and the 
malady will soon disappear. 

AMAUROSIS. 
In this disease, called also Gutta Serena, we 
find the eyes bright and clear, with a peculiar 
glassy appearance about them not observed in an 
eye where vision is perfect; although no altera- 
tion in the structure of the eye has taken place, 
yet the horse is partially or totally blind. A 
mere examination of such eyes would not enable 
us to pronounce upon the blindness of the ani- 



170 THE VETERINARIAN. 

mal; but if he be taken from a dark stable to a 
strong light, it will readily be detected, as the 
light causes no change to take place in the pu- 

P a. 

This disease is regarded as paralysis of the 
optic nerve; in some cases yielding readily to 
medical treatment and in others proving incur- 
able. Horses are often sold with this disease 
upon them, as perfectly sound, and the first inti- 
mation the purchaser receives of his horse being 
blind is his running against a wall-fence, post, or 
any thing that may chance to be in his way. It 
sometimes makes its appearance very suddenly; 
occasionally it exists in a temporary form as a 
sympathetic affection, as in apoplexy; it also at 
times occurs during the period of gestation, etc. 

Constitutional treatment only is likely to suc- 
ceed in these cases. Humphrey's Physic Boll 
should be given to open the bowels. After the 
boll has operated (which should be in twenty- 
four hours), give, morning and evening, half a 
drachm of nux vomica, mixed in the feed; bleed 
from the eye-vein. Give Humphrey's Condi- 
tion Powders, as directed. They are as good a 
tonic as can be given. 



THE VETERINARIAN. 171 

DISTEMPER. 
All catarrhal affections are classed by horse- 
owners under the common head of distemper. 
Common catarrh, epizootic or epidemic catarrh, 
laryngitis, bronchitis and all other diseases ac- 
companied by nasal discharges, are regarded by 
horsemen generally as one and the same disease. 

FAILING OE THE SOLE. 

This is called by horsemen pumiced foot. It 
is preceded by founder and is in reality one of 
the terminations of that disease, arising from 
slow, continued inflammation of chronic founder, 
which causes absorption of the outer edge of the 
coffin-bone, the latter thereby gradually loosing 
its concave surface and becoming convex. The 
sole, yielding to this gradual change, becomes 
flat, or, in some instances convex. Very little 
can be done in such cases by way of treatment, 
yet by careful shoeing the animal may be ren- 
dered useful, although never sound. 

NAVICULARTHRITIS. 

Coffin-joint lameness, as it is generally termed, 
is a disease of very common occurrence and often 
troublesome to manage. This joint is formed by 



172 THE VETERINARIAN. 

the union of three bones: the os pedis, or coffin- 
bone, situated immediately within the hoof; the 
coronary, or small pastern bone, the lower half of 
which is situated within the upper part of the 
hoof, called the coronet, and uniting with the os 
pedis; and the navicular, situated between and 
behind the two, uniting with both and forming 
the navicular joint. This joint is protected against 
injury from concussion by the fatty frog, the sensi- 
ble frog and the horny frog situated beneath it, and 
forming a soft elastic cushion on which it may rest. 
So long as the foot remains in a healthy condi- 
tion, there is little danger of the occurrence of 
this disease. Even though the foot be strained 
very considerably and a high degree of inflam- 
matory action be produced, this disease will 
hardly arise, unless the inflammation becomes 
chronic. 

Navicular-joint lameness is sometimes found 
existing in feet that have open heels and elastic 
frogs. If from any cause these frogs lose their 
moisture, they also lose their elasticity and the 
foot, therefore, strikes the ground with a jar. 
Inflammation of a chronic character sets in, the 
synovia (joint oil) becomes absorbed, and ca- 
ries of the bones is established, which destroys 



THE VETERINARIAN. 178 

their articular surfaces and causes excessive 
lameness. Occasionally, owing to some new in- 
jury, acute inflammation sets in, causing new de- 
positions of bone to be thrown out, and uniting 
the three bones together; which union is called 
anchylosis. This condition may be known by 
stiffness, and the animal walking upon the toe. 

The symptoms of this disease have been con- 
founded with those of other diseases of the foot. 
The horse is found to go lame upon coming 
out of the stable, which wears off after travel- 
ing some distance; one foot is observed in ad- 
vance of the other when the animal is at rest; as 
the disease advances the lameness becomes more 
frequent, until at last it is permanent. Various 
kinds of treatment have been resorted to, but 
with little success, such as blistering, firing, etc. 
Should this fail, there is no hope but in the 
operation of nerving, which should only be per- 
formed in certain cases mentioned under the head 
of neurotomy. 

Use Humphrey's Gilt Edge Hoof Ointment 
to keep the hoof soft and pliable, thereby reliev- 
ing the horse as much as possible from unneces- 
sary pain. 



174 THE VETERINARIAN. 

OSSIFICATION OF THE LATERAL 

CARTILAGES. 

SIDE BONES. 

This is a transformation to bone of two pro- 
jections of cartilage or gristle, springing from 
each side of the coffin-bone posteriorly, and 
known as the lateral cartilages. It arises from 
concussion, and will rarely be found in any but 
contracted feet. 

The treatment in these cases is only palliative, 
as the disease cannot be eradicated by any course 
of medical treatment. The first endeavor should 
be to expand the heels by applying poultices to 
the feet, together with Humphrey's Gilt Edge 
Hoof Ointment. 

BRONCHITIS. 

The larynx (upper part of the windpipe), 
the trachea (windpipe), and the bronchial 
tubes (branches from the trachea into the 
lungs for the passage of air), are lined by one 
continuous membrane, called the mucous mem- 
brane, which secretes a thin mucous substance 
that always keeps the parts soft and moist. When 
this membrane becomes inflamed, the disease is 



THE VETERINARIAN. 175 

named according to its location. If it is confined 
to the larynx, it is termed laryngitis; if to the 
windpipe, trachitis; and if to the bronchial 
tubes, bronchitis. The trachea and bronchia are 
rarely diseased separately, the inflammation gen- 
erally extending from one to the other. We shall 
therefore treat of bronchitis as embracing tra- 
chitis likewise. Even this disease rarely exists 
unmixed with others, in consequence of which it 
is often overlooked or confounded with other 
diseases of a pulmonary character. 

Bronchitis is generally preceded by a shiver- 
ing fit; mouth hot, with more or less saliva; dis- 
charge from the nose; cough; sore throat; fever; 
short breathing; loss of appetite; accelerated 
pulse; and membrane of nose and eyelids red- 
dened. 

In treating this disease it is much safer to call 
in the veterinary surgeon, in consequence of the 
difficulty which the ordinary observer will ex- 
perience in distinguishing it from other pulmon- 
ary diseases, and from the fact that the treatment 
varies with the changes that take place in the 
progress of the disease. It is not necessarily 
fatal; yet the most trfling neglect or mistake in 
treatment may make it so. The average loss, if 



176 THE VETERINARIAN. 

proper treatment is pursued, is not more than 
five per cent. Resort should never be had to 
bleeding in any form which the disease may as- 
sume, although such treatment has been recom- 
mended by some authorities. 

If much fever is present give Humphrey's 
Fever Remedy until the action of the heart di- 
minishes. Then give Humphrey's Nerve Rem- 
edy, alternately with the fever remedy. Apply 
to the throat, sides and along the spine, strong 
mustard mixed with water to the consistence of 
cream, which may be repeated as often as nec- 
essary. Humphrey's Spavin Blister is also 
recommended. After the inflammation has sub- 
sided give Humphrey's Condition Powders as 
directed. 

This course of treatment is perfectly safe in 
the hands of any horseman, though it will not 
reach all stages of the disease; nor can any gen- 
eral directions be given better calculated to war- 
rant a successful issue in these cases. 

INFLAMMATION. 

In order to fully .understand the various dis- 
eases to which important organs are subject, a 
few remarks regarding the nature of inflamma- 



THE VETERINARIAN. Ill 

tion, its progress, etc., may not be out of place in 
a work like the present. 

Inflammation is a state of altered nutrition, 
an increased vascularity and sensibility of the 
parts involved, together with a tendency to 
change of structure. The symptoms are swelling, 
pain, heat, and redness. The redness is in conse- 
quence of a redundancy of blood in the inflamed 
part, which distends the small capillaries with red 
particles of blood. When the inflammation is 
acute the parts present a bright red or crimson 
hue; when it is chronic, they are of a dark or 
purplish-red color. As the various terms em- 
ployed by authors to indicate the various degrees 
are uninteresting to the general reader, no at- 
tempt at detail is here made. 

The sensation of pain is mainly due to a 
stretching of the nerves by the distended blood- 
vessels. It differs in its character and intensity 
according to the parts involved, varying from a 
burning, throbbing, sharp and lacerating pain to 
a mere sense of heat, soreness and a dull sensa- 
tion of pain. The heat in inflammation is sup- 
possed to arise from an increased quantity of 
blood in the inflamed part. The swelling in 



178 THE VETERINARIAN. 

the early stage is due to the increased quantity 
of blood. 

Humphrey's Fever Remedy acts directly 
upon the heart, arteries, and kidneys. It cures 
inflammation of the lungs, bowels, eyes and 
brain, sore throat, influenza and pink eye, and all 
congestions. Humphrey's Nerve Remedy acts 
directly on the nerve, heart and general system; 
cures cold, cough, staring coat, unhealthy skin, 
bloody urine, profuse stalling and weakness of 
the loin. 

Humphrey's Blood Remedy acts directly on 
the blood and lymphatic system; cures swelled 
glands, farcy buds, discharges from the nose, 
grease, swelled legs, abscesses, ulcers and water 
farcy. 

CANKER. 

This arises from neglected thrush, often prov- 
ing difficult to manage. It extends from the 
horny frog to the sensitive frog and sometimes 
to the navicular joint, involving the surrounding 
parts, and causing much alteration or destruction 
of the structures affected. It is by no means 
always a local disease, but is influenced by a 
morbid or unhealthy condition of the blood. 



THE VETERINARIAN. 179 

For treatment, use Humphrey's Blood Rem- 
edy. All loose horn should be removed, that 
the parts may be properly dressed. If taken 
early, the following wash may be used with suc- 
cess: Half an ounce nitrate of silver, in one pint 
of water, shake well together and use once a day. 
The feed should consist of green food, mashes 
and a little hay. Corrosive sublimate in solution 
has been used with decided advantage, as also 
chloride of zinc, chloride of lime, butter of anti- 
mony, tincture of myrrh, sulphate of copper and 
glycerine. Use Humphrey's Gilt Edge Hoof 
Ointment, plentifully, to promote the growth of 
the foot; keep the bottom of the foot padded 
with oakum, kept in its place with splints between 
the shoe and the hoof. 

SCRATCHES. 

This disease, called also cracked heels, gener- 
ally arises from neglect, such as allowing the 
horse to stand in a filthy stall. It is generally 
confined to the hind feet and consists in a swell- 
ing of the skin, causing in it one or more trans- 
verse cracks which discharge a sanious — thin, 
serous and reddish — matter at times; while in 
other cases the parts are almost dry, but scurfy. 



180 THE VETERINARIAN. 

For treatment, wash well with soap and water, 
apply Humphrey's Carbolic Healing Powder; 
give one of Humphrey's Physic Bolls, followed 
by Humphrey's Veterinary Blood Remedy, 
and the malady will soon disappear. 

GREASE HEELS. 

This is the result of weakness in the capillary 
vessels on the feet and legs and is often preceded 
by dropsical effusions, which frequently exist 
upon the leg as far as the hock or knee. Com- 
mon-bred horses are supposed to be more liable 
to this disease, while thorough-bred are com- 
paratively free from its attacks. 

The principal causes are, doubtless, over-feed- 
ing and want of exercise; since we generally find 
the disease associated with a plethoric condition 
of the animal. As symptomatic, the skin at first 
is hot, red, swollen and tender, and discharges a 
white, offensive matter of a greasy feeling. As 
the disease advances, this discharge thickens into 
the form of tears and becomes hard, presenting a 
grapy appearance. Abscesses are sometimes 
formed about the heels, causing the sloughing 
away of a large portion of them. 

This disease requires constitutional as well as 



THE VETERINARIAN. 181 

local treatment. Give internally one of Hum- 
phrey's Physic Bolls; after the horse has 
physiced, give Humphrey's Blood Remedy or 
Humphrey's Condition Powders as directed, 
for a tonic. Use Humphrey's Carbolic Heal- 
ing Powder on the sores and a speedy recovery 
may be looked for. 

SWOLLEN LIMBS. 

Swollen legs are often caused by a dropsical 
condition of the blood. 

TREATMENT. 

Give one of Humphrey's Physic Bolls, fol- 
lowed by giving a box of Humphrey's Condi- 
tion Powder as directed, night and morning, 
and Humphrey's Veterinary Blood Remedy 
every day at noon. Give soft food with moder- 
ate exercise every day. 

WATER FARCY. 

This disease is similar to cedetna, but makes its 
appearance above the hock and extends down- 
ward. The skin is hot and extremely sensitive 
to the touch ; so much so that the animal throws 
the leg upward and outward, as though to escape 



182 THE VETERINARIAN. 

torture. The veins of the leg are full and 
corded. 

For treatment, apply warm fomentations to the 
parts affected, and give one of Humphrey's 
Physic Bolls, followed by giving Humphrey's 
Blood Remedy as drected, allowing no corn. 
Hand-rubbing and daily exercise will be neces- 
sary. 

CRIB-BITING. 

This is a very unpleasant habit, and a consid- 
erable defect, although not so serious as it is 
often represented. The horse lays hold of the 
manger with his teeth, violently extends his 
neck, and then, after some convulsive action of 
the throat, a slight grunting is heard, accompan- 
ied by a sucking or drawing in of air. It is not 
an effort at simple eructation, arising from in- 
digestion; it is the inhalation of air. It is that 
which takes place with all kinds of diet, when 
the stomach is empty as well as when it is full. 

The effects of crib-biting are plainly percepti- 
ble. The teeth are injured and worn away and 
— in an old horse — to a very serious degree. 
A considerable quantity of grain is often lost, 
for the horse will frequently crib with his mouth 
full of it, and the greater partwill fall over the edge 



THE VETERINARIAN; 183 

of the manger. Much saliva escapes, the loss of 
which must be of serious detriment in imparing di- 
gestion. The crib-biting horse is notoriously more 
subject to colic than other horses, and that of a 
kind difficult of treatment and peculiarly danger- 
ous. Although many a crib-biter is stout and' 
strong and capable of all ordinary work, these 
horses do not generally carry as much flesh as 
others, and have not their endurance; on these 
accounts crib-biting has been, (and very properly^ 
decided by the highest authority, to be unsound- 
ness. 

It is, moreover one of those tricks which are 
exceedingly contagious. Every companion of a 
crib-biter in the same stable, is likely to acquire 
the habit, and it is the most inveterate of all 
habits. The edge of the manger will in vain be 
lined with iron, or with sheep skin, or with sheep- 
skin covered with tar or aloes, or any other un- 
pleasant substance. 

A strap buckled around the neck, by com- 
pressing the windpipe, is the best means of pre- 
venting the possibility of this trick. 
WIND-SUCKING. 

This closely resembles crib-biting and arises 
from the same causes'; the 'same purpose* is ao 



184 THE VETERINARIAN. 

complished and the same results follow. The 
horse stands with his back bent, his head drawn 
inward, his lips alternately slightly opened and 
then closed, and a noise is heard as if he were 
sucking. It appears quite probable, judging 
from the same comparative want of condition 
and the flatulence noted in connection with the 
last habit, that either some portion of wind enters 
the stomach, or there is an injurious loss of 
saliva. 

This vice diminishes the value of the animal 
nearly as much as crib-biting; it is equally as 
contagious and inveterate. The only remedies 
— and they will seldom avail — are tying the head 
up except when the horse is feeding, or putting 
on a muzzle with sharp spikes toward the neck, 
which will prick him whenever he attempts 
to rein his head in for the purpose of wind- 
sucking. 

NOT LYING DOWN. 

It occasionly happens that a horse will seldom 
or never lie down in the stable. He sometimes 
continues in apparent good health and feeds and 
works well; but generally his legs swell and he 
becomes fatigued sooner than another horse. If 
it is impossible to let him loose in the stable, or to 



THE VETERINARIAN. 186 

put him into a spare box, nothing can be done to 
obviate the difficulty. No means, gentle or 
cruel, will force him to lie down. The secret is 
that he is tied up, and either has never dared to 
lie down through fear of the confinement of the 
halter, or he has been cast in the night and 
severely injured. If he can be suffered to range 
the stable, or have a comfortable box in which 
he may be loose, he will usually lie down the 
first night. Some few horses, however, will lie 
down in a stable and not in a loose box. A fresh, 
well-made bed will generally tempt the tired 
horse to refresh himself with sleep. 

It may be observed in this connection, that the 
basis of support afforded by the four extremities 
is so considerable in the horse that he is able to 
sleep in a standing position, and some horses 
have even been known to preserve their health, 
strength and condition, although they were never 
known to lie down. At the same time it is unde- 
niable, that an animal that will quickly lie down 
and take his rest, as a general rule, preserves his 
condition and is better fitted for exertion. 
STRANGLES. 

This is but another form or stage of laryngitis. 
The throat becomes enormously swollen, the 



186 THE VETERINARIAN. 

swelling extending under the jaws and up to the 
very ears, threatening suffocation; then res- 
piration becomes much disturbed; the flanks 
heave violently, and the breathing can be heard 
at a considerable distance; the animal begins to 
sweat from his frequently convulsive efforts to 
breathe, and if not speedily relieved dies a most 
violent death. 

Life may be saved by the veterinary surgeon 
at this crisis by the operation of tracheotomy, 
that is, by opening the windpipe and inserting a 
tube through which the animal may breathe in- 
stead of through the nose. This operation af- 
fords instant relief, and gives an opportunity to 
apply remedies to the diseased throat, which in 
a few days usually effects a cure, when the tube 
may be removed. The author has' never lost a 
case where he has resorted to this operation. 

The early treatment of this disease is to give 
Humphrey's Fever Remedy; poultice the 
throat well with flaxseed meal, commonly called 
cake-meal or oil-cake. Mustard plasters are 
also very effective, and steaming the nostrils fre- 
quently affords relief. , As soon as the swelling 
permits, it should be lanced; and when it has 
once discharged freely, the- animal- may be ci>n'* 



THE VETERINARIAN. 187 

sidered out of danger, provided proper care be 
taken to guard against a relapse. A seton ap- 
plied between the jaws often gives relief. These 
cases are safer in the hands of a competent sur- 
geon. Under no circumstances, in this disease, 
should the animal be bled. 

WOLF TEETH 

Are supernumerary just in front of the molar, 
and we are often asked to remove them, as some- 
times they do much harm. They are easily re- 
moved, and if possible should always be extracted 
with a pair of small forceps; they are sometimes 
punched out or broken off with the punch. This 
is a barbarous operation and should not be 
tolerated. The author believes the wolf-tooth 
often interferes with the eye, by exerting some 
influence on the opthemic division of the fifth 
nerve. He has known cases where colts were 
nearly blind, and when these teeth were properly 
extracted their eyesight was entirely restored 
in a very short time, with no other treatment. 

ROARING AND WHISTLING. 

There are different stages of these diseases, 
arising from a thickening of the windpipe, of of 



188 THE VETERINARIAN. 

the membranes of the larynx, rendering the pas- 
sages smaller at the diseased parts. These diseases 
are of a catarrhal character, ulceration of the glottis 
(a portion of the larynx), is also a cause of roar- 
ing. 

If these diseases are caused by tight reining, 
the bearing rein should be left off; if they 
arise from other causes, there is but little pros- 
pect of benefitting the animal, except in cases 
where the thickened parts are in an inflammatory 
condition, when relief will be afforded by the 
application of Humphrey's Spavin Blister, 
Give Humphrey's Blood Remedy. 

BROKEN WIND. 

The cause of broken wind or heaves has never 
been satisfactorily ascertained; some writers at- 
tributing it to functional derangement of the 
digestive organs, others to rupture of the air- 
cells of the lungs, while yet a third class to a 
spasmodic action of the diaphragm — a muscle 
dividing the chest from the abdomen. In this 
disease there is a short, dry cough, which is 
characteristic and farniliar to all practised ears. 

It is a singular fact, well known to all Western 
horse-owners, that this disease has no existence 



THE VETERINARIAN. 189 

on the prairies of Indiana, Illinois and other 
Western States; and broken-winded horses that 
have been taken to those sections soon get well, 
and remain so. 

The symptoms of this disease are, a peculiar, 
double-bellows motion of the flanks; respiration 
quicker than natural; a short, peculiar cough; 
and frequent passing of wind. 

In its treatment the digestive organs should 
be kept in as healthy a condition as possible. 
The throat should be examined, and if by merely 
rubbing the sides of the throat a cough is excited 
the chances for a cure are favorable; but if the 
windpipe requires a squeeze in order to produce 
a cough, there is little use in attempting a cure. 
Use upon the throat Humphrey's Spavin 
Blister. Give internally Humphrey's Condi- 
tion Powder. 

The benefits of this course of treatment have 
been very marked in the author's practice. In 
all cases no hay should be allowed, but wheat or 
oat straw, dampened with salt and water, will be 
found of great advantage. 

CHRONIC COUGH. 
This arises from various causes, and is present 



190 THE VETERINARIAN. 



in a number cf diseases. It is often symptomatic 
of some affection of the lungs and air passages, 
and it sometimes exists apparently as an inde- 
pendent affection, the animal thriving well and 
retaining unimpaired his appetite and spirits. 

If it arises from irritation of the larynx, or 
upper part of the throat, blister the throat with 
Humphrey's Spavin Blister; if from worms in 
the stomach or intestines, treat as directed under 
the head of "Worms." If it exists without any 
apparent connection, or as the termination of 
disease previously existing, give, every night and 
morning, a bran mash and Humphrey's Condi- 
tion Powders, as directed on the box. Green 
food, as carrots, potatoes, turnips, or parsnips, 
should be given when procurable. 

ENTERITIS, OR INFLAMMATION OF THE 
BOWELS. 

This disease is sometimes preceded by a 
shivering fit; there is loss of appetite; hot skin; 
continued restlessness; mouth hot and dry; 
membranes of the nose and eyes much reddened; 
pawing; the animal lies down and gets up fre- 
quently; kicks at his belly; looks frequently at 
his sides; no cessation of pain; pulse hard, small 



THE VETERINARIAN. 101 

and wiry, often beating one hundred times or 
more a minute; respiration quickened; bowels 
constipated; dung small, hard and dry; extremi- 
ties cold; and the urine highly colored and 
passed with difficulty. As the disease progresses, 
the intensity of the symptoms very much in- 
creases. The animal is now covered with pers- 
piration, which is succeeded by a chilly state; 
the pulse becomes quicker; the belly begins to 
swell; the entire system becomes prostrated and 
the animal dies, frequently in the most violent 
manner. 

These cases require prompt and active treat- 
ment, for the disease runs its course very rapidly, 
often terminating in the course of ten or twelve 
hours. If the costiveness yields early, the pulse 
becomes less frequent, soft and full; the extremi- 
ties regain a moderate temperature, attended with 
remission of pain, and the case will be likely to 
have a favorable termination. It is important 
that this disease should be distinguished from an 
attack of colic, since the symptoms of one very 
much resemble those of the other; the pulse, 
however, is the surest guide in distinguishing 
these diseases. 

In this disease copious bleedings are neces- 



192 THE VETERINARIAN. 

sary. A large opening should be made in the 
jugular vein and from six to eight quarts of 
blood taken, the quantity varying with the size 
and condition of the animal; the hardened dung 
should be removed by injections of soap and 
water, or an injection of two gallons of water 
with six ounces of tincture of arnica. One of 
Humphrey's Physic Bolls may now be given. 
To relieve the pain, give Humphrey's Colic 
Cure. To relieve the fever, give Humphrey's 
Fever Remedy. The injection should be con- 
tinued throughout. Soft mashes and new grass 
if obtainable may be given sparingly, but no hay, 
until the bowels are opened; give linseed tea to 
drink instead of water. 

The animal should not be worked for some 
days after recovery, as the disease is liable to re- 
turn if he is put to work or exposed too soon. 
An attack of this character does not necessarily 
render the animal less useful or valuable after 
his restoration to health. 

PERITONITIS. 

Differs but little from enteritis. The horse is 
more affected with pain; the pawing, rolling and 
kicking at the belly are most violent. The eye 



THE VETERINARIAN. 193 

is wild in appearance; tenderness is evinced on 
pressing the abdomen; the pulse is full and 
throbbing; the dung is small and hard and 
covered with a slimy substance. The same 
course of treatment should be pursued as recom- 
mended for enteritis. 

OSTITIS. 

This is an inflammation of the bone, occasion- 
ing lameness of an obscure nature, and is one of 
the most difficult of all cases of lameness to de- 
tect. Where it occurs in the cannon-bone it 
is often mistaken for a thickening of the in- 
teguments. 

TREATMENT. 

Give Humphrey's Blood Remedy ; use band- 
ages dipped in lead water; rest the animal and 
give daily half-drachm of iodide of potassium 
dissolved in a pail of water. This treatment will 
usually prove successful if perseveringly adopted. 

BONE SPAVIN. 

This is a disease of such common occurrence 
that almost all horsemen think they fully under- 
stand its nature, pathological condition and 
treatment. It is generally regarded by veteri- 



194 THE VETERINARIAN. 

nary authors as a very serious injury, destructive 
to the utility of the animal and very frequently 
reducing his value essentially in consequence of 
the blemishes. Where, however, there are no 
outward blemishes, as is the case in four out of 
every five spavined horses, the price of the ani- 
mal is not affected, unless he is lame, since the 
disease is not discovered. There are, at this day, 
thousands of spavined horses traveling our roads, 
in not one of whom would the most experienced 
horseman the world ever produced be able to de- 
termine the fact so long as the animal lives. In 
all such cases no external enlargement is found, 
but, on the contrary, the limb is clean and 
smooth. In the absence of enlargement or 
spavin-bunch — as it is sometimes called — on the 
inside of the hock-joint, horsemen are unwilling 
to believe that spavin exists. The books, indeed, 
teach us to look there, and there only, for it; but 
the author's experience teaches him that the en- 
largement, where any exists, appears almost as 
often upon the front part of the hock as it does 
up<au the inside. 

Spavin generally arises from a strain, jar or 
blow upon the hock-joint, causing an inflamma- 
tory condition of the cartilaginous cushions 



THE VETERINARIAN. 195 

which cover the articular surfaces or points of 
union of each bone, or of the ligaments which 
surround the joints and bind the bones together; 
sometimes, indeed, both are involved. As this 
inflammatory condition is the exciting cause, 
spavin, (an osseous deposit), or ulceration of 
the parts, speedily follows. 

As symptoms, the horse is very lame on leav- 
ing the stable, but when he is warmed up the 
lameness passes off; the leg is drawn up quickly 
with a kind of jerk and there is a peculiar, hard 
tread, which can only be distinguished by close 
observation. Where the bones are all united 
together, whether there is external enlargement 
or not, there is a peculiar twist of the heel out- 
wards, which is more readily observed in the 
walk and which the author has always found an 
infallible symptom of complete anchylosis. 

Both spavin and ring-bone are incurable dis- 
eases. The lameness may be removed, but the 
disease, when once established, cannot, because 
the elasticity, mobility and function of the joint 
are all destroyed in proportion to the extent of 
the disease. The spavined animal, therefore, 
comes down with a hard, jarring tread. The re- 
moval of the lameness depends upon the perfect 



196 THE VETERINARIAN. 

union or solidifying of the diseased bones. In 
the acute inflammatory cases, nature herself, un- 
aided, works this change, and the animal re- 
covers from the lameness with a stiff joint; but 
in the second or ulcerative stage, assistance is re- 
quired. We, therefore, endeavor to excite an 
active inflammation in the joint in order to over- 
come this ulcerative process, and induce new de- 
posits of bone to be thrown out. Many modes 
have been adopted to secure the desired end, 
some of which are of a most barbarous character; 
sharp instruments have been struck with con- 
siderable force into the joint, creating a ter- 
rible sore, which soon checks the ulceration. 
This practice, although often successful, is un- 
necessarily severe and cruel in the extreme. All 
kinds of caustic applications have been used, 
many of which have destroyed both the disease 
and the animal. Blistering the parts with Hum- 
phrey's Spavin Blister, repeating the blister in 
two weeks, the action being kept up for four or 
six weeks, often proves successful. Firing is also 
practised. Setons in the hock are frequently 

used. 

RING-BONE. 

This is a disease of the same nature as spavin; 



THE VETERINARIAN. 197 



its locality alone giving it a different name. The 
same alterations of structure takes place; the 
same termination follows, and the same treat- 
ment is indicated. Blister with Humphrey's 
Spavin Blister and repeat the application in 
two weeks. Contraction of the coranary liga- 
ments is sometimes mistaken for ring-bone and 
the horse is severely tortured in consequence. 
Contraction of this ligament produces a bulging 
of the soft parts around the coronet, causing the 
hair to turn downward and inward upon the hoof, 
giving it much the appearance of ring-bone. 
As, in all such cases, the heels are pressed close 
and painfully together. 

SPLINTS. 

This is an exostosis or bony enlargement, aris- 
ing from blows, and is situated upon the can- 
non-bones. 

Splints are common, although they are not al- 
ways visible to the eye, having, perhaps, spread 
over a large surface of bone, or become flattened, 
which circumstance has given rise to the opinion 
among horsemen that old horses are not affected 
with splints. This, however, is a mistake. The 
nature of a splint is very similar to that of a 



THE VETERINARIAN. 



spavin, but its course is somewhat different. 
When the injury is first received, the enlarge- 
ment becomes quite prominent; but as time ad- 
vances, it sometimes disappears from view, even 
without the aid of man, spreading itself between 
the cannon and splint bones, thus lessening its 
size externally. 

Splints are not regarded as unsoundness, un- 
less they cause lameness — which rarely occurs — 
particularly if they are situated near the middle 
of the bone; but if they are situated either at the 
upper or lower portions, or heads, lameness is 
most always the result. This is easily explained; 
the bone, it will be observed, curves from above 
downward and outward, so that the lower ex- 
tremity sets off from the body of the cannon- 
bone; the upper heads, where it unites with the 
bones of the knee and hock, slant or bevel in- 
ward, and as the weight of the animal is thrown 
upon them, the upper heads are forced outward, 
while the lower ones are thrown inward. By 
this simple arrangement a rocking motion of 
these bones takes place, so that at the centre 
there is very little mobility, and if the injury is 
above it causes lameness in consequence of ten- 
sion; if below, from pressure; but if it is in the 



THE VETERINARIAN. 199 

centre, it seldom causes lameness at all, though 
the injury is greater. 

When lameness occurs, the union of the bones 
should be hastened by increasing the inflamma- 
tory action; this is best done by active blistering, 
which soon removes the lameness. 

The author has never treated a splint without 
making a complete cure by using Humphrey's 
Spavin Blister and giving the splint a good 
hand-rubbing every day, after the acute inflam- 
mation caused by the blister has subsided. 

STIFLED, OR DISLOCATION OF THE PATELLA. 

This is by no means uncommon. It occurs in 
many ways, and in some very simple ways, from 
a false step in traveling, or while standing in the 
stall where there is an abrupt offset in the floor — 
the horse stepping off of it. It occurs often with 
horses that are sick and debilitated. 

Symptoms are very plain; the animal cannot 
extend the limb forward and drags it after him. 

TREATMENT. 

Get the leg into its natural position as soon as 
possible. To do this, place a rope around the 
pastern and have an assistant pull the leg for- 



200 THE VETERINARIAN. 

ward, while you take hold and manipulate the 
stifle-joint. It will generally go to its place 
quite easily. When it gets into its place, try and 
keep it so by tieing the rope to a collar. Apply 
Humphrey's Spavin Blister over the whole 
surface of the patella joint. 

CURB. 

A curb is an enlargement at the back part of 
the hind leg a little below the hock, due to a 
sprain or rupture of the calcaneocuboid ligament, 
or irritation of the sheath of the tendon. The 
exciting causes are hard and fast work, or forci- 
bly backing an animal. 

TREATMENT. 

It can generally be successfully treated with- 
out leaving a blemish. Blister the curb with 
Humphrey's Spavin Blister; repeat the blister 
in ten days. After blistering the second time and 
the acute inflammation has partially subsided, give 
the curb a good hand-rubbing, morning and 
night and you will generally effect a complete 
cure. If this treatment should fail, you will have 
to have recourse to firing. 



THE VETERINARIAN. 501 

STRAINS OF THE KNEES. 

Strains of this joint occur in young horses 
while being broken into harness more often, 
probably, than at any other period of the animal's 
life. This results from the tenderness of the 
parts at that time — not one in twenty having 
them having arrived at maturity. These strains 
often prove troublesome to manage, and occa- 
sionally leave a stiff knee as the result. 

TREATMENT. 

Bleed from the plantar, or plate vein; apply 
warm fomentations to the part; when the in- 
flammation is reduced, bathe the knee twice a 
day with Humphrey's Good Samaritan. If 
this does not effect a cure, blister the knee with 
Humphrey's Spavin Blister. 

INFLAMMATION OF THE BLADDER. 

Inflammation of the bladder, or cystitis, is a 
disease of comparatively rare occurrence in the 
horse, and generally is found in connection 
with other diseases. It is commonly supposed 
to occur more frequently in mares; although the 
author's experience has not confirmed this suppo- 
sition. 



203 THE VETERINARIAN. 

The symptoms are continual emissions of 
urine in small quantities; the moment it enters 
the bladder it is again expelled, but voided with 
much straining; pulse quickened; pawing; the 
animal looks imploringly at his flanks; and upon 
passing the hand into the rectum the bladder will 
be found contracted and hard as a ball, being 
also hot and tender. 

For treatment — Back-rake the animal in the 
first place and then throw up injections of water, 
adding to every gallon three ounces of opium. 
Give one of Humphrey's Physic Bolls. 

Bathe the loins with Humphrey's Good Sa- 
maritan; rub it well in; give half a drachm of 
fluid extract of belladonna, three times a day. 
Give plenty of flax seed tea; if the animal refuses 
to drink it, drench him with it. No hay must be 
given until twenty-four hours after he becomes 
convalescent. This is one of the most dangerous 
diseases to which the horse is subject. 

RETENTION OF URINE. 

This disease, technically known as spasm of 
the neck of the bladder, is found more frequently 
as an attendant upon other diseases than as an 
independent affection. It frequently occurs in 



THE VETERINARIAN. 



colics as an accompanying symptom, thus mis- 
leading the ordinary observer in his judgment of 
the disorder. 

The most common symptom is frequent but 
unsuccessful efforts to stale. This, however, 
must not be depended upon too strongly, as it 
will sometimes be observed in horses that are 
comparatively sound in these organs, particularly 
in those that have been well cared for. In such 
cases this temporary retention of urine arises 
from a dislike on the part of the animal of spat- 
tering his legs in voiding his water; hence he will 
often retain it in the bladder, though painful to 
him, until the litter is placed under him, when he 
at once stretches himself and the urine flows 
freely and copiously. This fact has given rise to 
a superstitious notion among horsemen that 
there is some peculiar virtue in the straw to 
cause this sudden cure; as a consequence, we 
frequently hear the remark: "Put some straw 
under him — that will cure him," etc. 

If, however, retention of urine arises from dis- 
ease, the straw posseses no magic charm to af- 
ford relief. In such instances the animal mani- 
fests but little pain and rarely lies down. On 
passing the hand up the rectum or fundament, 



204 THE VETERINARIAN. 

the bladder, which is easily felt, will be found 
very much distended with urine. 

The services of a regular veterinary practi- 
tioner will be required in the treatment of this 
disease, as the bladder must be at once evacu- 
ated, which can in most cases be accomplished 
by means of an instrument called the catheter, 
which is not commonly found in the hands of any 
but the qualified snrgeon. This desired evacua- 
tion can in some instances be produced by care- 
ful manipulation. Back-raking is very necessary 
in these cases, and injections of soap and water 
should be freely used. Unless the bladder is 
speedily emptied, it swells and bursts, causing a 
fatal termination. Fomentations of hot water to 
the abdomen, and pressure of the hand upon the 
bladder will be of assistance in enabling the ani- 
mal to void the urine. 

Give Humphrey's Colic Cure to relieve the 
pain, it will always be found beneficial, followed 
by Humphrey's Fever Remedy. 

BLOODY URINE. 

This disease, known also as hematura, fre- 
quently arises from strains across the loins, vio- 
lent exercise, unwholesome food, calculous con- 



THE VETERINARIAN. 205 

cretions in the kidneys, etc. The appetite is not 
usually impaired, nor is any marked degree of 
fever present. The color of the urine first calls 
attention, in voiding which the animal appears to 
strain slightly. If the bowels are at all costive, 
injections should be at once thrown into the rec- 
tum; linseed tea should be given as a drink, and 
apply Humphrey's Spavin Blister to the loins; 
repeat in five days. Give internally one of the 
following, once a day: one drachm iodine, five 
drachms powdered licorice, made into a boll. 
Give an entire change of diet. Give Humphrey's 
Fever Remedy as directed, until fever abates. 

FALSE QUARTER. 

This is an imperfect formation of horn at the 
quarter of the hoof, and is divided by a seam from 
the top to the bottom. It is the result of injury from 
quitter and other diseases, rendering the heels 
weak, and requires the protection of a bar shoe, 
which should never bear upon it. In such cases 
have the foot treated by a competent horseshoer, 
and use Humphrey's Gilt Edge Hoof Oint- 
ment. 



206 THE VETERINARIAN. 

FOUNDER. 

Founder, or laminitis, is an inflammatory con- 
dition of the lamincz of the feet, which are the 
most sensitive parts of these important append- 
ages. Founder is said to be produced by various 
causes, such as hard driving, watering when 
warm, standing in a draught of air, or upon 
plank floors, and many others. 

The symptoms are a full, quick pulse, from 
sixty upwards; accelerated respiration; the fore- 
feet are hot and tender, the animal for relief 
throwing his body back upon the hind legs, ex- 
tending the forelegs until he rests upon the 
heels, and sometimes lying down, particularly if 
the hind feet are involved; the animal also 
manifests much pain. 

If the animal is in full condition, two quarts 
of blood should be taken from each of the 
forelegs; Humphrey's Physic Boll should be 
given, followed by Humphrey's Veterinary 
Fever Remedy. Poultices of flax seed meal 
should be applied to the feet for several days; 
injections of soap and water also ought not to be 
neglected; apply Humphrey's Spavin Blister 
around the leg, just above the hoof. By this 



THE VETERINARIAN. 207 

treatment the animal is usually well again in a 
week, or even less. 

OPEN JOINTS. 

These are generally the result of a punctured 
wound; the capsular ligament that surrounds the 
joint and confines the joint-oil within its proper 
limits being thereby penetrated. These acci- 
dents are often attended with serious results, 
from the inflammation that is likely to arise from 
such an injury. 

For treatment — Sprinkle on the wound, several 
times a day, Humphrey's Carbolic Healing 
Powder. It may take several days to close the 
wound, but this is as safe and reliable a method 
as could be pursued. Give Humphrey's Physic 
Boll followed by Humphrey's Fever Remedy. 

SWEENIE. 
This disease has been the occasion of the in- 
fliction of much cruelty and unnecessary torture 
upon the horse. The symptoms which accom- 
pany its existence are but sympathetic effects, or 
atrophy of the muscles of the shoulder. The at- 
tention of the horse owner is directed to a wast- 
ing away or lessening of these muscles, which 
from want of action naturally become smaller or 



208 THE VETERINARIAN. 

contracted; upon the animal regaining the natu- 
ral use of the limb, the muscles are again devel- 
oped, as the muscles of the blacksmith's arm 
by the constant use of the sledge hammer. 
Cases called sweenie are generally the result of 
injury in some remote parts, as the knee, the 
foot, etc. When the animal picks up the foot 
clear from the ground, it may be depended upon 
that the injury is not in the shoulder; if, how- 
ever, the leg drags with the toe on the ground, 
the injury may be looked for in that locality. 
It is, however, more easy to decide a case of 
shoulder lameness than any other to which the 
limb is liable. 

Blister the parts affected with Humphrey's 
Spavin Blister. 

SPRING HALT. 

This disease has never been very satisfactorily 
accounted for by veterinary authors. It consists 
in a sudden spasmodic raising of the hind limbs, 
though it is said to have occurred in the fore- 
legs. No treatment as yet practised has proved 
entirely successful; though there are recorded 
isolated cases of spontaneous cure. As good a 
thing as can be done is to bathe the leg freely 



THE VETERINARIAN. 



twice a day with Humphrey's Good Samari- 
tan. 

BLOOD SPAVIN, BOG SPAVIN AND 
THOROUGHPIN. 

These constitute one disease, occasioned by 
an over-secretion of joint-oil in the hock joint, 
which causes a distention of the capsular liga- 
ment, or bursa, presenting soft, puffy swellings 
about the joint. Blood and bog spavin appear 
on the front and inside of the joint; while 
thoroughpin extends through from one side of 
the joint to the other. These diseases are so 
common and so well marked as not to be easily 
mistaken. 

The causes are violent exercise, throwing the 
animal upon his haunches, running, jumping, 
etc. 

It seldom causes lameness. If requisite, blister 
with Humphrey's Spavin Blister. 

FRACTURES. 

Experience has established the fallacy of de- 
stroying every horse that meets with a fractured 
limb. Fractures may occur in any bone of the 
body, and yet a perfect union of the parts may 



210 THE VETERINARIAN. 

take place, provided the fracture is a simple 
one; compound fractures even, are occasionally 
united. 

For treatment — The animal should first be 
placed in the most comfortable position and the 
parts adjusted as nearly as possible, retaining 
them by proper bandages, splints, etc. 

Fractures of the skull sometimes require the 
operation of trephining, in order to replace the 
parts perfectly; after which the bowels should be 
opened by giving one of Humphrey's Physic 
Bolls and the animal kept on moderate diet. 

Fractures of the pelvis, or haunch bones, will, in 
nine cases out of ten, become united by proper 
management, no matter how bad the crushing, 
and the animal may again be rendered service- 
able. The author never hesitates to treat frac- 
tures of these bones in horses that are of suffi- 
cient value to warrant it Indeed, union of the 
parts in such fractures will often take place, even 
if the animal be turned into a field without any 
treatment; though, perhaps, more deformity will 
be left than if proper care had been exercised. 
The horse, if active and high-strung, should be 
kept upon his feet by tying up the head short for 
several days, and then the slings may be placed 



THE VETERINARIAN. 211 

under him; if this is done at first, the animal being 
full of fire throws himself off his feet, and all 
efforts to remedy the fracture will prove a failure. 
From six to eight weeks, according to the age of 
the animal, are necessary to complete the union 
of the parts. 

Some practical knowledge is requisite, in order 
to discriminate cases of fracture of the limbs 
that are likely to be successfully treated; but 
fractures of the haunch bones rarely fail to unite, 
with proper management. The animal should 
be kept on bran mashes, gruel and green food 
during the treatment. 

There are several varieties of fracture, called 
simple and compound, comminuted and compli- 
cated. Simple, is that in which the bone is 
broken and the muscles and skin are not much 
injured. Compound, is that in which the bones 
enter the muscles and pass through the skin. 
Comminuted, is that in which the bone is broken 
and shattered. Complicated, is that in which im- 
portant vessels or an articulation is injured. 

DISEASES OF THE HEART. 

Diseases of the heart are less understood by 
the members of the veterinary profession gen^ 



212 THE VETERINARIAN. 

erally than any other class of diseases (with, per- 
haps, one or two exceptions), to which horses are 
subject. This want of information in this coun- 
try, is attributable to the comparative infancy of 
veterinary science, the obscurity of the symptoms 
by which these diseases are characterized, and 
the consequent confounding of them with other 
diseases. 

CARDITIS. 

This is an inflammation of the muscular struc- 
ture of the heart, comparatively rare, or at least 
supposed to be so. 

In this affection the animal will be found 
lame, generally in the off foreleg, but upon ex- 
amination no cause will be found sufficient to ac- 
count for it. This lameness may appear and 
disappear several times previous to the attack 
manifesting itself in a more positive form, leav- 
ing the impression that the lameness was rheu- 
matic. We next find the animal refusing his 
feed; his heart palpitates violently; he occasion- 
ally gasps and gnashes his teeth; pulse full, hard 
and quick ; there is a wild expression of the eyes; 
respiration quickened; mouth hot and dry; and 
the temperature of the legs varies from moderate 
to cold, 



te£ VETERINARIAN. 213 

For treatment — Cold water should be fre- 
quently given; take one drachm of white helle- 
bore and divide it into five powders, (or give 
Humphrey's Veterinary Nerve Remedy, as 
directed, which is preferable); give one of these 
on the tongue every three or four hours. Bleed- 
ing has been recommended, but the author has 
not witnessed any advantages from it, and there- 
fore would on no account advise it. 

DISEASES OF THE HEAD. 

The disease commonly called big-head, so 
far as the author can learn, seems to be peculiar 
to the Western and Southern States. It appears, 
from the rather unsatisfactory accounts at the 
author's command, to originate in the osseous, or 
bony structure of the face. The bones become 
swollen and are represented as presenting a soft, 
spongy, or cellular appearance, the cells being 
filled with a substance like jelly. 

The symptoms are a swelling of the bones of 
the face, from the eye to the nose; puffy swelling 
about the limbs; stiffness about the joints; pulse 
slightly accelerated and soft; coat rough and 
staring, with considerable debility. 



214 ME VETERINARIAN. 



The treatment usually practiced has been to 
make an incision through the skin and insert a 
small quantity of arsenic into the wound; or else 
to score the face with a red-hot iron; which lat- 
ter mode is said to have effected a perfect cure 
in many cases. Neither of these operations 
however, strikes us as being very scientific. The 
course pursued by the writer is to rub the swollen 
parts well, once a day, with the following oint- 
ment: of mercurial ointment one ounce, and of 
iodine ointment two ounces; mix well together 
for use. Give internally, at the same time, 
Humphrey's Veterinary Blood Remedy, night 
and morning. The animal must be kept in a 
dry, well ventilated stable and the body kept 
warm so long as this medicine is given. 

INFLAMMATION OF THE BRAIN. 

This disease, known also as phrenitis, or more 
generally, mad staggers, arises from various 
causes, such as blows, over-feeding and little 
exercise, too tight a collar, etc. 

A heaviness of the head is first noticed; an 
unwillingness to move about; the lining mem- 
brane of the eyelids much reddened; appetite in- 
different or lost; a peculiar dullness of the eyes; 



fftE VETERINARIAN. 2lS 

and finally, delirium or madness. The animal be- 
comes unmanageable; beslavers all that comes 
within his reach, whether man, horse or anything 
else; and plunges violently about the stall or 
wherever he may chance to be. 

As this disease is occasioned by a determina- 
tion of blood to the head, it is necessary to use 
the lancet; this should be done freely, and that 
before the delirious stage comes on, otherwise it 
cannot be done properly or beneficially. Cloths 
wet in cold water should be applied to the head; 
or, what is better, bags of broken ice. Open the 
bowels with Humphrey's Physic Bolls. Give 
also injections of castile soap and water. Give 
no food for twenty-four hours; but small quanti- 
ties of water may be frequently given. After the 
recovery of the animal he should be fed very 
sparingly, and not exposed to the hot noonday 
sun. 

If the occasion of the attack be a tight collar, 
the remedy is simple and easy; if from over-feed- 
ing, the quantity of food should be lessened. 

While convalescing give Humphrey's Nerve 

Remedy. 

MEGRIMS. 

This is a sudden determination of blood to the 



m THE VfcTERINAfciAlS + . 

head, generally attacking horses while at work or 
in harness upon the road. Those of a plethoric 
character are the most subject to these attacks. 

The horse suddenly stops in the road, shakes 
his head, and sometimes goes on again; at other 
times he falls in a state of unconciousness, the 
whole system appears convulsed, with the eyes 
wild in appearance and constantly rolling. 

Bleeding upon the appearance of the first 
symptoms gives almost immediate relief; after 
which the bowels must be opened, for which pur- 
pose give one of Humphrey's Physic Bolls; 
bran mashes should be given for a few days. 

These attacks may be prevented in cases of 
horses subject to them, by moderate feeding and 
driving, and in warm weather by keeping the 
forehead shaded by a canvas or cloth hood ele- 
vated on a wire frame-work about two inches 
from the forehead, so as to protect the brain and 
admit a free passage of air between the two. 
Give Humphrey's Nerve Remedy as long as 
there are any symptoms of the malady. 

STOMACH STAGGERS. 

This disease arises principally from over-feed- 
ing. The animal appears dull and sleepy, with a 



teE VETERINARIAN. 21? 

disposition to pitch forward; stands with his 
head resting against the wall, manger, or the like, 
or, if at pasture, against a tree; if he is led out of 
the stable this will be observed as an involuntary 
action, in consequence of which the head is often 
much cut and bruised by coming in contact with 
hard substances. There is constipation of the 
bowels; pulse scarcely changed from the usual 
standard; as the attack is severe the breathing 
becomes more labored. 

The whole cause of the disease being, appar- 
ently, in the distended condition of the stomach 
from the presence of undigested food, all food 
should be removed from the manger, and none 
given for forty-eight hours. Give one of Hum- 
phrey's Physic Bolls; if the bowels should not 
move freely in twenty-four hours give one-half 
pint of raw linseed oil. Injections of soap and 
water should be given until the bowels are 
opened; or, what is far preferable when conven- 
ient, tobacco-smoke injections. Two drachms 
of the extract of belladonna dissolved in a pail 
of water, given to drink once a day for a week, 
will prove beneficial. Bleeding in these cases is, 
as a general rule, unnecessary and uncalled for. 
Food should now be given very sparingly; and 



sis tMe veterinarian 

no corn should be given at any time to the ani- 
mal after such attack, in consequence of its 
tendency to heat the blood, and produce a ple- 
thoric condition of the system. When the ani- 
mal is convalescent, give Humphrey's Condi- 
tion Powder, as per directions. 

BITING. 

This is either the consequence of natural feroc- 
ity or a habit acquired from the foolish and 
teasing play of grooms and stable-boys. When a 
horse is tickled and pinched by thoughtless and 
mischievous youths, he will at first pretend to 
bite his tormentors; by degrees he will pro- 
ceed further, and actually bite them, and very 
soon after that he will then be the first to chal- 
lenge to the combat, and without provocation 
will seize the first opportunity to grip the careless 
teaser. At length, as the love of mischief is a 
propensity too easily acquired, this war, half 
playful and half in earnest, becomes habitual to 
him and degenerates into absolute viciousness. 

It is seldom that anything can be done in the 
way of cure. Kindness will aggravate the evil, 
and no degree of severity will correct it. Biters 
have been punished until they have trembled in 



ME TStERINARlAN. 



every joint and were ready to drop, but this 
treatment scarcely ever cures them. The lash is 
forgotten in an hour, and the horse is ready and 
determined to repeat the offence as before. He 
appears unable to resist the temptation; and in 
its worst form biting is a species of insanity. 

Prevention however, is in the power of every 
proprietor of horses. While he insists upon gen- 
tle and humane treatment, he should systemati- 
cally forbid this horse-play. 

LAMPAS. 

This term is used to designate a fullness or 
swelling of the bars or roof of the mouth, caused 
by the cutting of the teeth. Lampas will be 
found in all colts, although in many the slight in- 
convenience occasioned by it attracts little or no 
attention. In others however, the great tender- 
ness of the parts affected causes the animal to re- 
fuse his food, in consequence of which he is 
by many compelled to submit to an operation 
equally cruel and unnecessary — that is no less 
than burning out the bars of the mouth with a 
red-hot iron, thereby destroying the functions of 
the part and leaving the mouth sore for some 
time afterward. This mode of treatment has 



2£0 THE VEf ERINAMaM. 

been practiced for years, and is even at the pres- 
ent day almost the only one in vogue, although 
it is of no practical benefit whatever, but, on the 
contrary, it is often very injurious. In the case 
of the child similarly affected, the humane prac- 
titioner seldom does more than to lance the gums. 
This certainly is a more rational mode of operat- 
ing, and the author's experience convinces him 
that if the parts inflamed, in the case of the horse, 
be simply lanced, the swelling will soon subside 
and the horse partake of his food as usual. A 
common pocket-knife will answer the purpose 
quite well. If the horse refuses his food a few 
doses of Humphrey's Nerve Remedy will regu- 
late the trouble. 

WARTS 

Are an abnormal growth. Warts are a thicken- 
ing of the cuticle of the superficial layer of the 
true skin. They are common among horses and 
cattle. They may appear upon any part of the 
body. In horses they are most common upon the 
head, neck, groin, flank and sheath. They vary 
in size and shape,' and may have a broad base or 
may have a neck; if the wart has a neck it can 
be corded and in that way can easily be got rid 



THE VETERINARIAN. 221 

of. The ligature is an old way of getting rid of 
them; tie a thread around them and draw it very 
tight, and if they are not too broad at the base 
they will fall off in a few days. If the wart is 
encrusted, cut a hole through the skin and take 
it out. The author's practice has been to apply 
arsenic; wet the finger, dip it into the arsenic and 
apply with friction on the wart every other day 
for three or four times. In about ten days the 
wart will fall off. 

SEEDY TOE, 

So called because it is generally found in the toe; 
the horn breaks and crumbles in small pieces like 
millet seed. It is due to an impaired secretion, 
or some direct cause, such as large clips in shoe- 
ing, which presses upon the sensitive parts, caus- 
ing an abnormal secretion. It seldom causes 
lameness, but it is an unsoundness. 

TREATMENT. 

Remove the shoe, cut down the wall, and en- 
deavor to remove all diseased parts; apply a 
pledget of oakum, saturated with Gilt Edge 
Hoof Ointment. If there is much irritation, 
apply oil-meal made into a warm poultice. It will 



THE VETERINARIAN. 



be found beneficial to blister around the top of 
the hoof with Humphrey's Spavin Blister. 

THRUSH 

Is an irritation in connection with the frog, giving 
rise to an offensive sebaceous discharge which is 
characteristic of thrush. It is often seen in the 
hind feet, and sometimes in the front ones, in 
connection with the cleft of the frog; it impairs 
the secretion. The exciting cause is wet and 
filth, allowing dung to accumulate, irritating the 
parts. It is not so prevalent in cold climate. It 
is sometimes seen in connection with the navicu- 
lar disease. A horse having the thrush does not 
actually go lame, but goes tender, and if he steps 
upon something hard he will flinch. 

TREATMENT. 

It is easily treated; if due to filth remove the 
cause; in some cases take off the shoe, and pare 
down the parts, remove all diseased parts if pos- 
sible, and immerse the foot in a pail of water. 
Apply well into the cleft, Humphrey's Carbolic 
Healing Powder, then apply oakum saturated 
or take one half box' of Humphrey's Gilt Edge 
Hoof Ointment, and one ounce of powdered 



THE VETERINARIAN. 



223 



sulphate of copper, mix them thoroughly and 
apply twice a week into the cleft with a blade- 
shape piece of wood. This treatment, if used as 
directed, will cure any case of thrush. 




The above cut represents one of our highly 
polished walnut Veterinary Medicine Chests, 
which we venture to suggest is the most com- 



224 THE VETERINARIAN. 

plete article of its kind ever introduced. It con- 
tains 
One Bottle Humphrey's Veterinary Fever 

Remedy, large size, .... $i 50 

One Bottle Humphrey's Veterinary Nerve 

Remedy, large size, .... r 50 

One Bottle Humphrey's Veterinary Blood 

Remedy, large size, .... 1 50 

One Box Humphrey's Condition Powders . 50 

One Bottle Humphrey's Carbolic Healing 

Powders, 50 

One Box Humphrey's Gilt Edge Hoof Oint- 
ment, small size, .... 10® 
One Bottle Humphrey's Celebrated Colic 

Cure, 1 00 

Three Boxes Humphrey's Physic Bolls, . 1 50 

One Box Humphrey's Spavin Blister, . . 50 

One Bottle Humphrey's Good Samaritan, . 50 

$10 00 
Also 

One Graduate, worth 25 

Our Valuable "Veterinarian," well 

bound, worth 3 °o 

And the Veterinary Medicine Chest, worth 2 00 

$15 25 

Making a total value of $15.25, which we sell for 
the small sum of $io,oo, 



THE VETERINARIAN. 225 

Though there may be veterinary surgeons in 
your neighborhood, immediate remedies are often 
necessary to save the lives of valuable animals. 
We guarantee these medicines to be the most re- 
liable on the market. 

We use nothing but the purest drugs that can 
be procured and put them up in the best possi- 
ble manner. For these reasons we feel justified 
in making the above assertions. If your dealer 
does not keep these medicines, send direct to us 
and we will ship them in any quantity desired, 
on receipt of price. 

Humphrey's Veterinary 

and Family Medicine Mfg. Co., 
Newark, 1ST. J. 



COWS. 



METHOD OF SPAYING. 

Cast the cow by means of the hobbles — same 
as used in casting horses— on her right side. I 
then apply to the nostrils a sponge saturated 
with concentrated sulphuric ether. When the 
animal is completely unconscious I slacken the 



THE VETERINARIAN. 



casting rope so as to free the limbs and prevent 
any pressure on the walls of the abdomen. By 
so doing I secure room enough to introduce a 
hand and arm, for the purpose of searching for 
the ovaries. The first stage of the operation 
consists in pinching up a fold of the skin on the 
left side, midway between the prominent bone of 
the haunch or pelvis and the last or posterior 
rib, about four inches below the transverse pro- 
cesses of the lumbar vertebrae, (back) Having di- 
vided the integuments to the extent of about five 
or six inches, I make a similar incision through 
the abdominal muscles, until the peritoneum 
(lining membrane of the abdominal cavity) is ex- 
posed. This membrane is then punctured by 
means of a beak-pointed knife, into which punct- 
ure I insinuate the knife, having a probe point, 
and then divide the peritoneum to the extent of 
the external incision. 

The second stage of the operation commences 
with the introduction of the operator's right arm 
— he kneeling down in close contact with the 
cow's back. The hand is then passed within the 
brim or cavity of the pelvis. Having found the 
deep-seated or right ovary, it must be removed 
by laceration. I find that the best and most ex- 






THE VETERINARIAN. 227 

peditious way is to slip the other hand into the 
abdominal cavity. Then with the right hand 
seize the broad ligament at the base of the ovary; 
the left then clasps the ovary and in this way, by 
using trifling force, the ovary is detached or torn 
away. 

The left ovary is then to be sought for, and an 
assistant depresses the edges of the incision. At 
the same time the operator having a firm hold on 
the ovary, brings it into view, so that it can be 
removed by means of a pair of blunt-pointed 
scissors. 

The third stage of the operation is the process 
of uniting the abdominal muscles by means of 
stitches or sutures. A curved needle, armed 
with four or five threads of shoemakers' twine 
well bees-waxed, is to be passed through the ab- 
dominal muscles, without penetrating the perito- 
neum, at interrupted distances of one inch, more 
or less. Each suture is to be securely tied; one 
end of the same is to be cut close to the knot, 
the other is left long enough to protrude through 
the integumental incision. The skin or integu- 
ment is then to be closed by means of ligature or 
metallic wire, leaving a small orifice at the inferior 
or lower region of the external incision, for the 



THE VETERINARIAN. 



escape of morbid matter. This completes the 
operation. 

In the course of a week or ten days the deep- 
seated ligatures may be pulled away, and when 
the integument is well united, the external stitches 
may also be removed. The wound is healed by 
nature, and scarcely, if ever, requires any sort of 
dressing. If it should, use Humphrey's Car- 
bolic Healing Powder. 

REMOVAL OF THE AFTER-BIRTH. 

The retention may prove of great inconven- 
ience after a time, from putrefaction, which is 
likely to ensue. Absorption of the products of 
that process from the surface of the uterine 
mucous membrane secures the establishment of a 
blood poison and putrid fever. No harm, how- 
ever, may arise during a few days; but the re- 
moval should not be delayed beyond that time, 
more especially if the signs of decomposition 
have arisen. 

Mechanical interference, from that state having 
commenced, may be required even at a much 
earlier period. Give two tablespoonfuls of Hum- 
phrey's Condition Powders in a good, warm 
bran mash, with a handful of salt, when you first 



THE VETERINARIAN. 229 

see that the placenta (after-birth) has not been 
expelled, and in nine cases out of ten you will 
have no further trouble with the case. 

In order to remove, by mechanical means, the 
hand is first lubricated with a little oil and care- 
fully passed up the vagina, through the os uteri, 
which may require dilating, into the uterus. In 
this operation the points of the fingers are first 
brought together so as to occupy as little space 
as possible, and the protruding membrane should 
lie beneath the hollow of the hand, the back 
of which is presented upwards on introduction. 
The placenta is held in the left hand, in order to 
make use of gentle traction at proper times, and 
an assistant holds the tail on one side. On en- 
tering the womb, the hand is passed to the sev- 
eral centres of attachment — the cotyledons, which 
are gently pressed between the fingers with a 
kind of rotary motion, when detachment, as a 
rule, readily occurs. Violent movements must 
be scrupulously avoided, as hemorrhage may re- 
sult. 

A little tact and patience will often accomplish 
wonders. In the removal of the placenta I am 
careful not to pull too hard, but detach small 
portions at a time, if possible. No practitioner 



THE VETERINARIAN. 



in midwifery, in human medicines, would ever 
deem it proper to leave his patient until the after- 
birth was removed, for it would be horrible to 
leave it to rot away, besides endangering the 
mother's life. The absurd practice of attaching 
weights to the membrane is cruel and unscien- 
tific and unsightly in appearance. It is abomin- 
able to allow the cow to devour the afterbirth, 
and should certainly never be tolerated. 

DIARRHEA IN CALVES. 

Diarrhoea is a very prevalent disease among 
calves. The sucking calf is liable to this afflic- 
tion whenever the general health of the parent is 
impaired. In such cases the mother is to be 
treated instead of the calf. She probably is the 
subject of a deranged condition of the digestive 
organs, which can easily be remedied by the ad- 
ministration of a few doses of Humphrey's Con- 
dition Powders. 

This disease occasionally occurs in conse- 
quence of weaning the calf — in view of husband- 
ing the cow's milk — and feeding the calf on im- 
proper food. This kind' of diarrhoea must be 
treated as follows: 



THE VETERINARIAN. 



Prepared chalk, one oz. 

Tincture catechu, one-half oz. 

Tincture ginger, one oz. 

Water, one-half pint. 
Dose — Two or three teaspoonf uls three times a 
day in milk, administered by means of a drench- 
ing-horn or bottle. 

LOSS OF THE CUD. 

This enters the list of most cow-leeches' dis- 
seases, but is less a disease than a symptom of 
some other affection; indeed, it is evident that 
any attack sufficient to destroy the appetite will 
generally occasion the loss of the cud. It is pos- 
sible, however, that an occasional local affection 
or paralysis of the paunch may occur, particu- 
larly when it is distended with unhealthy sub- 
stances, as acorns, the tops of some of the woody 
shrubs, etc. The treatment in such cases con- 
sists in stimulating the stomach. 

Open the bowels by giving — as a drench — one 
pound epsom salts and two drachms powdered 
ginger, in water, followed by Humphrey's Con- 
dition Powders. 



232 THE VETERINARIAN. 



PARTURITION 



SIGNS OF LABOR. 

At the end of two hundred and seventy-two 
days from the period of the cow's impregnation, 
some enlargement of the udder will be perceived, 
and the external parts of the genital organs are 
relaxed and appear tumefied, and a sort of 
glistening discharge issues from the same. The 
animal is also restless and appears desirous of 
avoiding the society of other cows. Her respira- 
tions are somewhat quickened; she becomes 
nervous and irritable, and labor pains set in, oc 
curring at stated periods, until at last, the neck 
of the uterus dilates, the fcetal membranes pre- 
sent themselves in the form of a watery tumor 
and the parts admit of the delivery of the foe- 
tus. 

NATURAL LABOR. 

Natural labor consists of the presentation of 
the placental membranes, inclosed fluid, with the 
head and two forefeet of the foetus. 

In act of natural expulsion the membranes be- 
come ruptured and the water escapes. This 



THE VETERINARIAN. 



lubricates the parts and greatly facilitates the 
birth of the foetus. 

After delivery a few after-pains occur, by which 
means the after-birth is expelled. This completes 
the painful routine of natural labor. 

UNNATURAL LABOR. 

A cow failing to give birth after the fashion 
described in the preceding article, and being in a 
state of parturition, having regular uterine pains, 
increasing in severity as they successively occur, 
yet no appearance of the foetus, is probably the 
subject of false presentation. The character of this 
presentation must be ascertained, and our efforts 
then directed to the replacement of the part to 
its natural position. 

The person who intends to render assistance to 
the parturient cow should be clad in suitable gar- 
ments. His arms should be bared to the 
shoulder, and, in view of guarding against the 
absorption of morbid virus, the person's arms 
should be lubricated with glycerine or olive oil. 
The instruments required are, embryotomy- 
knife, embryotomy-hooks and slip-nooses. 

FORELEG PRESENTING. 
The most common false-presentation is that 



234 THE VETERINARIAN. 

when the two forelegs are avanced into the vagina, 
sometimes beyond it, and the head turned upon 
the foetal body. This is occasioned by the muz- 
zle having caught at the brim of the pelvis. The 
delivery cannot be effected until the position is 
changed, without danger to the mother and cer- 
tain destruction to the calf. The best plan is to 
attach a cord, or the slip-nooses to each foreleg, 
which are then to be forced back into the uterus. 
The head must then be sought for, and constant 
pressure exerted on the same until it is sent for- 
ward far enough to enable the operator to release 
it from the brim of the pelvis and guide it into 
the vaginal outlet. A noose may then be slipped 
over the lower jaw; then traction on it, and those 
of the forelegs will accomplish the delivery. 

If the calf is dead I should use the embry- 
otomy-hook in preference to the noose; but in 
view of saving the calf, the latter is the safest. 
Some care, however, is necessary in drawing out 
the forefeet, lest the points of the hoofs lacerate 
the vagina. While the assistants are drawing 
steadily on the cords, the operator should give 
them a lateral action — from side to side, and up- 
ward and downward. This is far better than 
pulling persistently in one direction, for it tends 



THE VETERINARIAN. 235 

to loosen and alter the position of impacted 
parts. 

ONE FORELEG PRESENTING. 

This is also a common occurrence, and if seen 
early, the delivery may be safely effected by at- 
taching the noose to the protruding leg. This 
may be pushed back, and the other sought for 
and secured in the same manner, and again to be 
returned. The head must then be properly 
placed, the legs drawn outward and the delivery 
may be accomplished with every prospect of 
bringing forth a live calf. 

HEAD PRESENTING WITHOUT LEGS. 

I proceed as follows: A noose is affixed to the 
lower jaw; the head is then pushed back as far 
as it can be got; the forelegs are then brought into 
position, after which the calf is readily brought 
away. Some difficulty may be experienced in 
extracting the hind parts. If they require much 
force in extraction, the probabilities are that the 
pelvis of the fcetus is impacted in that of the 
cow. 

The long diameter of the pelvis is crosswise of 
the body, so that if the calf be in a position that 



THE VETERINA&iAN. 



opposes its long pelvic diameter to the short one 
of the mother, it must be pushed back a few 
inches, and turned, so that its feet shall be down- 
ward, in a line with the cow's limbs. 

It is very important that the calf should be in 
in the right position as regards the diameter of 
the pelvis, for many valuable cows are ruined by 
the violent means used in the extraction of the 
hind parts when in a faulty position. A little 
tact in securing a right position for the exit of 
the calf would save a vast amount of unneces- 
sary and cruel traction, which in our rural dis- 
tricts, where veterinary surgeons are not to be 
found, is too often employed. 

EXTRACTION OF A CALF ON ITS BACK. 

Some persons have an idea, when a wrong 
presentation of this kind takes place, the calf 
may be turned. This is an impossibility, and it 
is only a waste of time and a feat of ignorance 
to even attempt it. The calf must be extracted 
in the manner of presentation. The traction, 
however, should be made in a direction toward 
the bones of the coccygis or tail. 

In the early stages of this kind of parturition, 
the back rests on the belly of the mother, and 



THE VETERINARIAN. 287 

the feet come in contact with her spine. If my 
services were sought at this early period I should 
endeavor to bring the feet down, one at a time, 
and then noose them, and proceed to deliver 
without making any futile attempts to change 
the position of the calf. 

In a case of this character, which occurred in 
my practice a short time ago, I found it impossi- 
ble (the cow being down) to dislodge the feet 
from the spinal region. I therefore procured a 
double and single block tackle, and fastened it to 
a beam which ran across the barn ; the hind ex- 
tremities were then attached to the single block 
by means of straps, and in this way the posterior 
parts were elevated. The consequence was, that 
the whole foetal apparatus receded into the ab- 
dominal cavity, the feet were dislodged from the 
spine, and I had the satisfaction of delivering 
the animal a live calf. 

BREECH PRESENTATION. 

The mode of extracting the foetus when the 
breech presents, is as follows: 

Pressure must be made upon the buttocks of 
the calf in the interim of labor pains. Having 
succeeded in pushing the calf forward the hocks 



THE VETERINARIAN. 



may possibly be reached; afterwards, the feet. 
These are to be brought into the vaginal passage; 
then by traction and altering the position of the 
calf, if necessary, the delivery is completed. 
Should it be found impossible to push the foetus 
forward, I should lose no time in raising the 
hind quarters of the cow, by means of hoisting 
apparatus, which most farmers have on hand. 
In order to avoid hurting or injuring the cow's 
limbs when hoisting the hind parts from the 
ground, I encircle the legs just above the fet- 
locks with some old gunny-bag, or something of 
the sort. Then affix a strap on each leg, into 
which the tackle must be hooked. The cow is, 
of course, raised from the floor, belly upwards. 

ABORTING. 

Cows sometimes abort, or have a premature 
discharge of the foetus, and sometimes among 
large dairies this trouble prevails to an alarming 
degree, and when it does the calves' bones are 
often soft. 

TREATMENT. 

As a preventive give the cow Humphrey's 
Condition Powder as directed, and once a 
week, give the cow a handful of ground bone. The 



THE VETERINARIAN. 239 

theory being that cows, during pregnancy, want 
a tonic, and also need the bone-meal to assist the 
system in manufacturing bone for the foetus. 



DISEASES OF THE UDDER, 



MAMMITES 

Is an inflammation of the udder. It usually con- 
sists of tumefaction, attended with heat and pain, 
and generally sets in shortly after calving. 

In this state of the udder scarcely any milk 
flows, and what comes is often bloody. Soon an 
entire obstruction takes place, or nothing but a 
watery secretion can be got away. Next, the 
udder hardens in places; abscesses form, and 
then the secretory function of one or more 
quarters is destroyed. The animal now has the 
" garget," and ten chances to one if the part or 
parts are ever restored. 

The only way to prevent garget is to let the 
calf suck immediately after it is born, or else in- 
troduce a tube into one or more of the teats and 
thus evacuate the milk ere it coagulates. 

Symptoms — The disease, at its commence- 



240 THE VETERINARIAN. 

merit, invariably consists of an inflamed condi- 
tion of the mamma or " bag," characterized by 
pain, heat, swelling and more or less febrile 
symptoms. It it precisely the same disease 
which many nursing women are prone to and 
suffer from, and its terminations, when not ar- 
rested in the early stage, are exactly the same, 
namely: suppuration, formation of an abscess, 
induration, or hardening of the walls of the bag. 

TREATMENT. 

The disease should be attended to in its early 
stage, and the milk must be evacuated so that it 
shall not accumulate or coagulate. In order to 
do this a metallic tube may be inserted into the 
teat and allowed to remain there, so that the 
milk shall flow as fast as it is secreted. The in- 
flamed part must be bathed with cold water 
several times during the day, to which a few 
drops of tincture of arnica, and if the parts be 
very painful an infusion of hops may be used. 
Afterwards anoint the parts with Humphrey's 
Good Samaritan. The animal must be kept 
on a very low diet — scalded shorts are good — 
and if she be fat, or the least constipation of the 
bowels exists, I should give one pound of epsom 



THE VETERINARIAN. 241 

salts, dissolved in warm water, to which may be 
added a small quantity of molasses and a tea- 
spoonful of ginger. 

Supposing the case to be in the suppurative 
stage, and it is evident that pus or " matter " is 
forming within the "bag," or its walls, it may be 
poulticed with flax seed. 

As soon as the matter burrows to the surface, 
and a soft spot can be detected, it should have a 
free opening made into it by means of a thumb- 
lancet. The matter must then be squeezed out, 
and into the cavity syringe some salt water or 
a little tincture of aloes. In suppurative stages 
I generally order a generous diet and Hum- 
phrey's Condition Powders. 

OBSTRUCTION AT THE END OF THE 
TEATS. 

It occasionally happens that a fungus or warty 
excrescence makes its appearance at the end 
and centre of the teat, which obstructs the flow of 
milk and is very annoying and painful to the ani- 
mal. This should be removed by the knife, tak- 
ing care to dissect every portion of the morbid 
growth. The part is then to be sprinkled with 
Humphrey's Carbolic Healing Powder. The 



242 THE VETERINARIAN. 

milk-tube, well oiled, must now and then be in- 
troduced. 

OBSTRUCTION IN THE TEATS. 

A simple obstruction in the teats is sometimes 
occasioned by an imperfect union in the lining 
membrane. 

TREATMENT. 

This is easily remedied by introducing a tube 
constructed for the purpose, which should be 
well lubricated with olive oil, and allowed to re- 
main in the lectiferous channel for several hours, 
daily, or until all danger of re-adhesion has pas- 
sed away. The lectiferous outlet is sometimes 
obstructed by false membranes running across 
its channel. These must be annihilated by the 
introduction of the tube. 

INJURIES TO THE TEAT. 
I have seen many cases of injuries to the teats 
in the form of an incision, which occurred acci- 
dentally on the animal rising from the ground, 
cutting or lacerating the same with its own hoofs. 

TREATMENT. 

When the accident is discovered shortly after 
it happens, the parts may be brought together by 



THE VETERINARIAN. 243 

uninterrupted suture. The seam is then coated 
with collodium, and the milk must be evacuated 
wholly by the tube, until the parts have united. 
Sometimes the union is not complete, but a 
small fistulous opening is left, through which the 
milk is constantly dribbling. The only way to 
remedy this is to convert the fistula into a simple 
flesh wound This is done by means of a sharp 
pointed knife, which removes the thin callous 
forming the interior of the fistula. The raw 
edges are then to be brought together by a suture 
and collodium and the tube used as before. 

SORE OR CHAPPED TEATS AND 
CHAFED UDDER. 

TREATMENT. 

First wash with warm water and castile soap 
wipe dry, then apply Humphrey's Carbolic 
Healing Powder, and the cure is assured. 

TETANUS, OR LOCKED-JAW, 

Now and then attacks cattle, in which case it 
presents the same appearances and requires the 
same treatment as in horses. 

FOUL IN THE FOOT. 

This occasionally comes on of itself, but is more 



244 THE VETERINARIAN. 

often the effect of accident or filth. Cleanse it 
well and keep it from dirt; apply Humphrey's 
Gilt Edge Hoof Ointment, with a small quan- 
tity of powdered sulphate of copper, added. 

SALT, 

Let it be remembered, when given to animals, 
enables the farmer to increase his live stock and 
keep them in health; hence it ought freely to be 
given to sheep and cattle of every description. 
In the writer's opinion, it should be given once a 
week, in sufficient quantity to satisfy the appetite. 
By giving it in quantity it operates gently upon 
the bowels; for that reason it is much better 
given in that way than it is to keep it continually 
before them. 

VERMIN ON CATTLE. 
A strong decoction of tobacco washed over a 
beast infected with vermin will generally drive 
them away. It sometimes will make the beast 
very sick for a short time and should be used 
with great caution. But a better remedy is to 
mix a plenty of strong Scotch snuff in train oil, 
and rub the back and neck of the creature with 
it; which will effectually kill or drive away all 
vermin from a quadruped, 



THE VETERINARIAN. 245 

STAGGERS 

Are sometimes the consequences of over-feeding, 
particularly when from low keeping cattle are 
suddenly removed to better pasturage. 

Treat with bleeding, and give one pound ep- 
som salts with two drachms powdered ginger, 
followed by giving Humphrey's Condition 
Powders. 

INVERSION OF THE UTERUS. 

This is one of the most serious accidents to 
which the cow is liable after the act of parturi- 
tion. It is also, unfortunately, somewhat com- 
mon; from the prevalence of certain causes in 
some seasons. A considerable number of cases 
now and again occur in the practice of veterinary 
surgeons residing in breeding districts. The mu- 
cous surface must be cleansed from all adhering 
filth, straws, blood, etc., by means of tepid water, 
or milk and water and a sponge. As the animal 
stands, an additional quantity of litter should be 
placed under the hind feet, or she may be re- 
moved to sloping ground, so that the operation 
of returning the uterus may be facilitated by 
having the hind quarters raised, and the opera- 
tor, if possible, standing higher than the patient. 



246 1?HE VETERINARIAN. 

In partial inversion, the organ is readily re- 
turned. The hand being introduced into the 
vagina is closed and between the acts of strain- 
ing on the part of the animal the uterus; is pushed 
through the os uteri into the abdomen. This is to 
be done only by successive stages, and all vio- 
lence must be avoided. 

When the uterus has been completely inverted 
the proceedings are of a more extensive char- 
acter. The head of the animal should be held 
by an assistant, and possibly the bull-dog's nose 
ring may be required, while another holds the 
tail and pinches the back to divert the attention 
from straining. 

A moistened sheet or large towel is passed oe- 
neath the uterus and the ends are held by assist- 
ants; when, at the proper time, the whole organ 
is raised to a level with the vulva; and suppos- 
ing the organ to be in all respects in a suitable 
state for the operation and not wholly inverted, 
the closed fist or a suitable pessary is placed 
against the central portion or fundus, and by 
steady and continued pressure when the animal 
is not straining, the mass is carried through the 
vagina — os uteri and finally into the abdomen. 
As the acts of straining are continued, the opera- 



THE VETERINARIAN. 247 

tor must cease his efforts; but he must be care- 
ful to avoid, if possible, the re-inversion of the 
organ, by retaining his hand without in any de- 
gree opposing the animal. 

Should the straining continue and prove vio- 
lent, a dose of Humphrey's Colic Cure may be 
administered, which will greatly facilitate mat- 
ters. It may be necessary to place a strap or 
rope around the body to prevent straining, and 
the hind quarters should be raised some inches 
above the fore. 

The diet must be light and mainly fluid, and 
the bowels should receive attention. 

Retention of the womb is often an affair of 
much concern to the practitioner, and to secure 
this all kinds of straps and harness, etc., have 
been adopted with, however, variable results. An 
oval iron or heavy sole leather ring, four inches 
long and three inches wide, answers very well, 
being secured by the ropes, tied to a surcingle 
buckled around the animal. Many improve- 
ments upon this have been made, the principal 
one being the substitution of iron plates, or thin 
and light bars, variously worked, so as to admit 
of being secured in position by cords, and al- 
low free urination. But none have entirely 



248 THE VETERINARIAN. 

superceded the leather pad, or plate, already 
alluded to. 

We must not omit to remind the reader that in 
the use of the rope in any form of truss, all prom- 
inent parts must be packed with soft hay,^grass, 
old towels or other suitable materials, so as to 
avoid chafing, which, in these cases, arises when 
most unlooked for. 

Stitches or sutures are sometimes made use of, 
being passed through the lips of the vulva so as 
to draw them together; but they are apt to give 
rise to irritation. 

After turning the uterus, give the animal a box 
of Humphrey's Condition Powders, as di- 
rected. 

CONTAGIOUS PLBURO-PNEUMONIA IN 
CATTLE 

Is not communicable to any other species of 
animals. It is a disease which is very interesting 
to some people in this country, as it exists to a 
more or less extent. It is a disease that has 
been known for two hundred years in Russia. 
During the present century it has gradually made 
its way from east to west. It was noticed in 



THE VETERINARIAN. 249 

Prussia in 1802; in England, in 1841; in America, 
in 1843. 

There are various stages; the first consists of 
an incubatory period, varying from two to six 
weeks, or even longer, and perhaps the first 
thing that will be noticed is an increased temper- 
ature of the body — to 103, 104, even 105 degrees. 
Often, before any other signs are developed, 
there may be slight rigors or shivering, but so 
slight as to be overlooked. After this, the system 
becomes impaired. If in a milch cow the secre- 
tion of milk is impaired, and there is a slight 
cough — noticed more in the morning, especially 
if the animal was kept up all night. The disease 
gradually grows worse and the cough increases; 
this may be the only symptom for some time. 
The animal was thought to be only suffering 
from a slight cold. After a while the lungs be- 
come affected, giving rise to quickened breath- 
ing. Animal gradually looses condition; becomes 
emaciated; hide-bound condition of the skin. A 
discharge from the nostrils of a whitish or even a 
fetid character. In the first stages you can, by 
auscultation, detect a grating sound, due to plural 
surfaces rubbing together. Concussion reveals 
a dull, dead sound. 



250 THE VETERINARIAN. 

In the second stage the pulse is very quick; 
usually symptoms of fever; dryness in the muzzle, 
(nose). The horns may be either hot or cold, 
and- the temperature and the cough increased. 
Cattle, when suffering lie upon the sternum, 
(breast) in order to relieve the pressure. If 
likely to end fatally, the discharge becomes fetid 
(offensive smell); may have slight diarrhoea, 
followed by constipation; a peculiar gritting 
of the teeth; moaning or grunting; the eye 
has a glassy appearance; debility and death 
follow. The United States Government has 
lately undertaken to extirpate this disease 
by killing and paying the owners for all cattle 
that have been exposed to it. The author 
thinks this is a wise move and that it has not 
been commenced any too soon, for if this disease 
ever gets among the cattle on our Western 
prairies it will cost enormous sums of money, 
besides it can never be got rid of. 

MILK OR PURPURAS FEVER. 

It usually shows itself the second, third or 
fourth day after calving. The supply of milk 
is impaired more or less; the urine is coffee- 
colored and it usually attains its intensity in from 



^HE VETERINARIAN. 251 



six to ten hours. The cow paddles with her feet 
when walking; looks at the sides; lies down and 
in some cases is not able to get up. When a 
cow becomes affected by urinary or abdominal 
diseases she is generally very helpless. She will 
moan, stretch out the neck, lift the head and 
look at the flanks; respiration increases; the mouth, 
muzzle and horns become hot; and the tempera- 
ture of the body is increased; constipation is pres- 
ent, and if any faeces (dung) are passed they will be 
hard and covered with mucous; there may be a 
discharge of a brownish colored fluid from the 
vulva; and power is lost. It is a very fatal com- 
plaint. 

Give one pound and a half epsom salts, two 
drachms powdered ginger. Give injections of 
soap-suds. Then while convalescing, give Hum- 
phrey's Veterinary Nerve Remedy. 

The author has never lost a case where he 
could succeed in opening the bowels. As a pre- 
ventive before calving, feed the animal sparingly, 
and give one-quarter pound epsom salts, daily, 
until bowels are opened. 

PERPETUAL BULLING 

Is due to an abnormal condition of the ovaries, 



f HE VETERINARIAN. 



and in well-bred cattle, to tubercular disturb- 
ance. The best treatment, perhaps, is ovariot- 
omy (spaying). It sometimes occurs in the mare. 

STOMACH OF THE COW. 
The stomach of the cow is divided into four 
stomachs or divisions. The first is the rumen or 
paunch; the second, the reticulum or honey- 
comb; the third, the omasum; the fourth, the 
obomasum, or true digestive stomach. The food 
is taken into the mouth and masticated to a cer- 
tain extent; it is then swallowed and passes into 
the rumen. When the rumen is full the process 
of rumination commences. There is some differ- 
ence of opinion about this process. Some claim 
it is performed by the rumen and others that it is 
done by the second, and some by the third 
stomach; but some ruminants have no third 
stomach, so that it must pass from the rumen up 
the oesophageal canal into the omasum and true 
digestive stomach. 

DOGS. 



INDIGESTION. 
Symptoms — Flatulency; acrid eructations; con- 
stipation, or diarrhoea; fullness of the abdomen; 



THE VETERINARIAN. 



spasmodic pains; depression; loss of appetite; 
dry, furrowed tongue; thirst often increased; sali- 
vary secretion; vomiting; and occasional cough. 

Constipation may be relieved in the first in- 
stance by a dose of castor oil, followed, if neces- 
sary, with enemas. 

Diarrhoea generally proceeds from the presence 
of undigested matter in the intestinal tract, and 
castor oil should be applied. Acrid eructations and 
flatulency (wind) are best treated with small doses 
of bi-carbonate of soda and charcoal — ten grains 
of the former and one scruple of the latter — given 
in a little water or made into a bolus, adminis- 
tered after each meal. 

Indigestion usually requires a moderate and 
plain diet; lime-water and milk with simple bis- 
cuit or bread, form the most suitable, until the 
digestive organs have assumed a healthy tone. 
Fatty, and as a rule, vegetable matters should be 
for a time avoided, Exceptional cases are those 
arising from general debility. In such the food 
must be nourishing, and small doses of sulphate 
of iron and cod liver oil will materially assist in 
restoring the animal to a healthy condition. Daily 
exercise should be insisted on. Humphrey's 
Veterinary Nerve Remedy will be found 



254 THE VETERINARIAN. 

especially beneficial for dogs troubled with indi- 
gestion. 

COLIC. 

This disease in a dog is not of that frequency 
which might be expected from the strange cir- 
cumstances under which at times he exists, the 
exertions required of him, the exposure he is sub- 
ject to, and the bill of fare. 

Symptoms — Colic comes on suddenly; the ani- 
mal is to all appearance in perfect health, when 
he utters a sharp cry of pain, and, with his back 
arched and abdomen drawn up, he walks rest- 
lessly about whimpering or moaning and endeav- 
oring vainly to find ease in various postures. 
Considerable tympany (wind) is often present, 
giving the animal a tense, inflated appearance. 

TREATMENT. 

Give one or two teaspoonfuls of Humphrey's 
Colic Cure. Impaction of the rectum is best 
removed with warm soap-sud injection. Flatu- 
lency (wind) may be relieved by aromatic cordial 
and antacids, as 

Sodae carbonate, 10 to 20 grains. 
Essence of peppermint, 5 to 10 minims. 
In a tablespoonful of warm water, or 



THE VETERINARIAN. 255 

Spirits ammon aromatic, 20 to 30 drops. 

Ginger, 10 grains. 

Administer in the same way. 

When the pain is severe, a teaspoonful or two, 
equal parts of brandy and water, may be given 
and repeated in an hour if not relieved. 

Rubbing the abdomen affords ease, and in ex- 
treme cases mustard may be applied. 

CANKER. 

In cases of canker, whether internal or ex- 
ternal, it is absolutely necessary, in order to in- 
sure success and rapidity of cure, the animal 
should be prevented as much as possible from 
flapping, scratching or rubbing the ears. For 
this purpose a cap of light leather or stout 
calico should be placed over the animal's head 
and tied underneath the throat. It should be 
similar in shape to a horse's hood and is kept 
easier in position than the usual three-cornered 
one. 

Humphrey's Carbolic Healing Powder is 
an excellent remedy to apply to the sore parts. 

WARTS. 
Warts on dogs are generally known as isolated 



256 THE VETERINARIAN. 

growths, or dispersed in scanty groups on differ- 
ent parts of the body. 

TREATMENT. 

Excision, ligature or caustic. In isolated warts 
the two former are preferable, and the occasional 
application of caustic may follow. I have found 
the oxide of mercury made into a paste with sul- 
phuric-acid and a thin layer applied to the sur- 
face of the wart, more effectual than anything 
else. Of course the latter treatment is chiefly 
adapted to external warts. 

FLEAS. 

TREATMENT. 

Among the popular remedies for the destruc- 
tion of fleas may be mentioned Persian insect 
powder, various dog soaps, parrafine, benzoline, 
tobacco water, carbolic acid solutions, etc. I 
usually, and with success, prescribe the following: 
Spirits camphor, i drachm. 

" turpentine, %. drachm. 
Acid carbolic, 10 minims. 
A tablespounful in half a pint of chilled water, to 
be rubbed into the skin with a piece of flannel. 
Wash off in twenty-four hours with soft soap and 



THE VETERINARIAN. 257 

warm water and repeat in three days if neces- 
sary. 

LICB 

Are generally found about the back and poste- 
rior parts. They are hatched from eggs or nits 
attached to the hair. The dog louse causes no 
irritation to the human skin. 

TREATMENT. 

The white precipitate powder brushed into 
the coat, or the ointment rubbed in the skin 
and removed in the course of five or six hours 
will effect their removal. 

TICKS. 

The dog tick is uncommon; the creature 
causes considerable irritation to the dog, and 
from feeding on the blood by suction, gives rise, 
where they exist in any number, to debility. 

TREATMENT. 

Forcible removal and dressing with mercurial 
ointment. 

WORMS. 

-With regard to- treatment of worms various 



THE VETERINARIAN. 



escape of morbid matter. This completes the 
operation. 

In the course of a week or ten days the deep- 
seated ligatures may be pulled away, and when 
the integument is well united, the external stitches 
may also be removed. The wound is healed by 
nature, and scarcely, if ever, requires any sort of 
dressing. If it should, use Humphrey's Car- 
bolic Healing Powder. 

REMOVAL OF THE AFTER-BIRTH. 

The retention may prove of great inconven- 
ience after a time, from putrefaction, which is 
likely to ensue. Absorption of the products of 
that process from the surface of the uterine 
mucous membrane secures the establishment of a 
blood poison and putrid fever. No harm, how- 
ever, may arise during a few days; but the re- 
moval should not be delayed beyond that time, 
more especially if the signs of decomposition 
have arisen. 

Mechanical interference, from that state having 
commenced, may be required even at a much 
earlier period. Give two tablespoonfuls of Hum- 
phrey's Condition Powders in a good, warm 
bran mash, with a handful of salt, when you first 



THE VETERINARIAN. 229 

see that the placenta (after-birth) has not been 
expelled, and in nine cases out of ten you will 
have no further trouble with the case. 

In order to remove, by mechanical means, the 
hand is first lubricated with a little oil and care- 
fully passed up the vagina, through the os uteri, 
which may require dilating, into the uterus. In 
this operation the points of the fingers are first 
brought together so as to occupy as little space 
as possible, and the protruding membrane should 
lie beneath the hollow of the hand, the back 
of which is presented upwards on introduction. 
The placenta is held in the left hand, in order to 
make use of gentle traction at proper times, and 
an assistant holds the tail on one side. On en- 
tering the womb, the hand is passed to the sev- 
eral centres of attachment — the cotyledons, which 
are gently pressed between the fingers with a 
kind of rotary motion, when detachment, as a 
rule, readily occurs. Violent movements must 
be scrupulously avoided, as hemorrhage may re- 
sult. 

A little tact and patience will often accomplish 
wonders. In the removal of the placenta I am 
careful not to pull too hard, but detach small 
portions at a time, if possible. No practitioner 



260 THE VETERINARIAN. 

the best agents. Where the inflammatory action is 
excessive and the pain extreme, the surface may 
be pricked in two or three places and leeches ap- 
plied, followed by applying Humphrey's Car- 
bolic Healing Powder. 

OVERGROWTH OF ClyAWS. 
The claws occasionally (especially with dogs 
which have but little walking exercise), become 
considerably elongated and curving underneath, 
sometimes penetrating the pad of the foot, caus- 
ing intense pain and inflammation. 

TREATMENT. 

Shorten the claws with sharp-cutting nippers 
and poultice if injured. It is not advisable to 
reduce the claw too much at first, but repeat the 
operation in a fortnight. To prevent the recur- 
rence of such a condition, allow the dog plenty 
of liberty and exercise, so as to produce the wear 
necessary for the proper length and shape. 



SHEEP. 



FOOT-ROT. 

Causes — General debility; exposure in wet 
pastures; contagion; foul habit of body. 



THE VETERINARIAN. 261 

Symptoms — The sheep is observed to limp in 
one or both of the fore or hind legs. Sometimes 
the whole four are affected; the parts are hot, 
tender and swollen and exude a fetid fluid. The 
animal is now incapable of walking, and if not 
speedily relieved, death ensues. This form of rot 
is contagious, so that if the diseased animals are 
not separated from the healthy, the latter soon be- 
come infected. To propagate malignant rot it 
is quite sufficient that a flock should pass over a 
place which has a little before been walked over 
by diseased sheep. 

TREATMENT. 

Endeavor to ascertain the exciting cause, and, 
if possible, remove it. If the disease has as- 
sumed a putrid type the superfluous horn may be 
removed. The parts are then to be washed with 
Acetic acid, 4 ounces. 
Water, 3 ounces. 

A piece of lint is afterwards to be saturated 
with the above and applied as a dressing, and 
changed as occasion may require. 

The local remedy will avail but little unless we 
sustain the living powers and thus improve secre- 
tions. Our usual remedies are, Humphrey's 
Condition Powders, or 



262 THE VETERINARIAN. 

Powdered golden seal, i ounce, 
sulphur, 3^ ounce, 
charcoal, i ounce, 
sassafras, i ounce, 
assafcetida, 2 drachms. 
Flaxseed, 2 pounds. 
Mix, and give a tablespoonful twice a day, in 
food. 

GRUBS IN THE NOSTRUMS. 

Grubs in the nostrils are occasioned by the 
gad-fly, which deposits her ova in the nostrils of 
sheep. After a short time the ova brings forth 
parasites in the larvaeal state; the latter migrate 
within the interior of the nostrils, causing the 
sheep much pain. It seems that the gad-fly se- 
lects its subjects, and the weakest of the flock 
are usually its victims; hence close attention to 
the requirements and condition of a flock may, 
to a certain extent, act as a preventive. Some 
farmers, in view of preventing the attacks of the 
gad-fly, smear the noses of their sheep with com- 
mon tar. Others plow up a piece of land where 
sheep are pastured, into which they thrust their 
noses, and then for the time being they baffle the 
gad-fly. I do not think it good policy to attempt 



THE VETERINARIAN. 



to dislodge the parasite; for the remedy might be 
worse than the disease. When the ova have ar- 
rived at maturity the sheep themselves aid in the 
dislodgement with acts of snorting, sneezing and 
coughing. 

SHEEP-WASH FOR VERMIN. 

TICKS. 

These troublesome parasites may be easily got 
rid of by dipping the sheep in an infusion of 
tobacco. 

WASH. 

Take of arsenious acid, in powder, and carbon- 
ate of potash; of each six ounces. Boil together in 
fourteen gallons of water, half an hour. 

A more complex form is as follows: Take of 
arsenious acid, in powder, soft soap and carbon- 
ate of potash, of each six ounces; sulphur, four 
ounces; hellebore root, bruised, two ounces; 
water, fourteen gallons. Boil in a portion of the 
water until the arsenic is dissolved, then add the 
remainder of the water and strain through a 
course sieve. 

INFLAMMATION OF THE LUNGS- 
PNEUMONIA. 

Inflammation of the lungs is usually the result 



264 THE VETERINARIAN. 

of exposure, or it may arise in consequence of 
herding too many sheep together — sometimes it 
makes its appearance without any perceptible 
cause. An impure atmosphere, however, may be 
set down as the ordinary exciting cause. 

TREATMENT. 

Give Humphrey's Fever Remedy in tea- 
spoonful doses, twice a day, followed when con- 
valescing with Humphrey's Nerve Remedy, 
same sized doses. Place upon the tongue ten 
drops fluid extract of gelseminum, morning and 
evening; dissolve one ounce of chlorate of potash 
in half a pint of flaxseed tea and give it daily as 
a drench, until the animal improves. Let the 
patient be placed in a secluded spot, under cover, 
and if the case is curable, health will soon return. 
The most marked symptoms of pneumonia are 
panting and heaving at the flanks, quickened res- 
piration, discharge from the nose, and cough. 
There is also a cessation of rumination. In 
short, the same symptoms prevail in this disease 
as in pneumonia in cattle. 

DIARRHOEA AND DYSENTERY. 

Curable cases are brought to a favorable termi- 
nation by using the following drench: 



THE VETERINARIAN. 



Finely pulverized charcoal, i ounce. 

Scalded milk, i gill. 

Hypo-sulphate of soda, i drachm. 

Mix. 
The above constitutes a dose. It may be re- 
peated as often as the emergency may seem to 
require; but should the subject be a young lamb, 
one-half the quantity will suffice. 

CONSTIPATION. 

Constipation often results from a deranged 
condition of the digestive organs. The liver be- 
comes deranged, resulting in costiveness, for 
which, give the following drench : 
Epsom salts, 2 ounces. 
Fluid extract of leptandra, 1 teaspoonful. 
Thin gruel, V2 pint. 
Dissolve the salts in the gruel and drench the 
animal with the same. 

TYMPANITES OR WINDY DISTENTION OF 
THE INTESTINES AND ABDOMEN. 

This disease is recognized by the bloated ap- 
pearance of the sheep. It is occasioned by the 
food fermenting and generating gas. The fol- 
lowing is a most excellent remedy: 



266 THE VETERINARIAN. 



Hypo-sulphite of soda, 4 drachms. 

Fluid extract of golden seal, 1 drachm. 

Fluid extract of ginger, 2 drachms. 

Water, 1 wine-glassful. 
Followed by Humphrey's Condition Powders, 
as directed. 



FOWLS. 



DISTEMPER IN FOWLS. 

For fowls with distemper, one teaspoonful of 
Humphrey's Veterinary Nerve Remedy, mixed 
with a pint of food and given to them alternately 
with Humphrey's Condition Powders, one 
teaspoonful to each pint of food, is a positive 
preventive, and if the malady has not run too 
long, will cure them. 

TO MAKE HENS LAY. 

There is nothing that will make hens lay eggs 
equal to Humphrey's Condition Powders, 
given to them by mixing three teaspoonfuls of 
the powders in each quart of the food. 

CAPONIZING ROOSTERS. 
The object of caponizing is to improve the 



THE VETERINARIAN. 267 

quality and increase the quantity of the flesh of 
fowls. A capon will outgrow a cock of the same 
age just as an ox will exceed a bull in weight and 
for the same reasons, which are, that castration 
makes an animal less restless and quarrelsome, 
and less of the nutriment it digests is diverted 
from flesh-forming. 

The operation is not very difficult and is 
quickly performed after a little practice. 

The instruments consist of a pair of crooked 
concave forceps, a pointed hook, a pair of tweezers 
and a steel splint with a broad, flat hook at each 
end. Remove the feathers upon a spot little 
larger than a watch, at a point upon line between 
the thigh and shoulder. Next pull the skin back- 
ward, so the skin may slip forward again after 
the operation is completed, and with a keen knife 
make an incision an inch and a half long, parallel 
with the two last ribs and between them, until the 
intestines are visible, taking care not to injure the 
latter. Now separate the ribs by attaching one 
of the hooks to each, and allowing the ends of 
the splint to spread, as they will do when let go. 
The intestines may be pushed away with a tea- 
spoon handle, or other flat, smooth instrument, 
and when the testicles are found (attached to the 



THE VETERINARIAN. 



back), the tissue which covers them must be 
held by the tweezers and torn open with the 
pointed hook. Next grasp one of the testicles 
with the crooked concave forceps, and with the 
tweezers lay hold of the spermatic chord, to which 
the testicle is attached. Now twist the testicle 
off with the crooked concave forceps, after which 
the operation is repeated on the other testicle, the 
incision is closed (no sewing being necessary), 
the skin allowed to resume its place, and then 
the feathers which were removed are stuck on 
the outside and left to adhere by means of the 
blood, forming the only bandage necessary. 
Take pains not to disturb the parts to which the 
testicles are attached, the pressure of the tweez- 
ers tends to prevent pain and loss of blood. 
Wrenching off the testicles is more humane than 
the old method of cutting them with a horse 
hair and is more expeditious, and torsion pro- 
duces less bleeding than cutting. 

There need be no more than six or eight per 
cent, of the birds killed, even by an indifferent 
operator, and as those die by bleeding to death, 
they may be eaten as if they had been butchered 
in the regular way. To avoid bleeding, take 
care not to rupture the" large blood vessels at- 



THE VETERINARIAN. 26$ 

tached to the organs removed. The best age for 
cockerels to be operated upon is three or four 
months. In order that the intestines may not be 
distended, prepare the bird by shutting it up 
without food or drink for thirty-six hours pre- 
vious to the operation. Capons continue to grow 
fat for a long time, and they should be kept until 
twenty months old in order to gain the full ad- 
vantage of the operation. 

The feathers on each side of the incision can 
be twisted together with the bloody fingers to 
help hold the wound together. After the opera- 
tion give the birds plenty of water, but feed very 
sparingly with soft cooked food until they move 
around with ease and begin to scratch. If fed 
to the full with hard grain at first, some will die. 

Caponizing may be defended against objec- 
tions on the score of cruelty just as well as cas- 
trating colts, calves, pigs and lambs. The rear- 
ing of capons will certainly be followed to a 
great extent in this country so soon as the people 
learn the excellent quality of the flesh, which is 
not only extremely delicate and juicy, but the 
birds grow to nearly the size of turkeys, and are 
so quiet that their growth is produced with less 



270 



THE VETERINARIAN. 



feed than in the case of fowls. Already there are 
many persons making money rapidly at the busi- 
ness. Capons command prices from 30 to 50 
per cent, higher than other poultry in market. 




APPENDIX, 



The majority of people in this country have 
had, or do continually have some experience in 
the care of animals. Therefore, it has been my 
effort to produce a manual of information regard- 
ing their treatment that will be appreciated by 
every reader interested in horses or cattle. I do 
not claim that I can remove a bony deposit 
from the limb of an animal, or produce a growth 
of the horn of foot by giving a few drops of medi- 
cine on the tongue, but I do claim that the medi- 
cines and remedies advised herein are as near 
infallible as any procurable, and when I advise 
giving a boll, I mean that the animal does need a 
cathartic. If I recommend a blister, I mean the 
animal should be blistered. Where a condition 
powder is prescribed, it means that the animal 
should have the most effective in the market, etc. 
I wish to state right here, that there are several 



272 THE VETERINARIAN. 

condition powders offered on the market that ait 
good, and put up upon honor, and that there are 
also several kinds that are put in large packages 
that are calculated to deceive, made of chaff, or 
some such substance, that is utterly worthless 
and dear at any price. I have examined several 
such powders and found in some of them very 
little medicine, and in some of them I failed to 
detect a particle of medicine of any kind. If the 
purchaser would stop to think, he must know 
that it is impossible to buy medicine in such 
large bulk for so little money. By tasting and 
comparing them with Humphrey's Condition 
Powders they would readily see the difference 
between a good and a worthless article. 

Our fluid remedies are the result of long study 
and practice and can be depended upon for the 
following complaints: 

Humphrey's Veterinary Fever Remedy 
cures inflammation of the lungs, bowels, eyes, brain 
and liver; congestions, sore throat, influenza and 
pink eye; also cures cows with milk fever. It acts 
directly on the heart, arteries and kidneys. In 
many instances it may be used with advantage, 
given alternately with Humphrey's Veterinary 
Nerve Remedy. .. 



THE VETERINARIAN. 273 

Humphrey's Veterinary Nerve Remedy 
cures colds, coughs, staring coat, unhealthy skin, 
bloody urine, profuse stalling and weakness of 
the loins. It acts directly on the nerves, heart, 
urinary organs and general system. In many in- 
stances it may be used with advantage, given 
alternately with Humphrey's Veterinary Fever 
Remedy. 

Humphrey's Veterinary Blood Remedy 
cures enlarged glands, farcy buds, discharges 
from the nose, grease, swollen legs, abscesses, ul- 
cers, and water farcy. It acts directly on the 
blood and lymphatic system. 

These remedies can be procured at $1.50 for 
large, and 50 cents each for small size bottles. 

Humphrey's Physic Bolls have been thorough- 
ly tested by many of our most proficient horsemen, 
and were never found wanting if used as per di- 
rections that come with each boll. Do not fail to 
have them in your stable, as but few druggists are 
competent or willing to make up an efficient 
physic boll for an animal. 

The list of testimonials published is proof pos- 
itive that Humphrey's Gilt Edge Hoof Oint- 
ment has no equal, and should always find a 
place in the stable, 



274 THE VETERINARIAN. 

Humphrey's Carbolic Healing Powder is a 
certain cure for all sores or wounds of the skin or 
flesh, and Humphrey's Spavin Blister is supe- 
rior for spavins, ring bones, splints, curbs, 
sprained tendons, sprained ligaments, sprained 
joints, sore throat, etc. This blister is infallible. 
Do not grease or wash the parts after applying. 
It will do its own work, will not blemish, and pro- 
motes the growth of the hair. 

It will always prove a great saving of time and 
money to have a bottle of Humphrey's Cele- 
brated Colic Cure at hand, as its wonderful 
qualities have given it a world-wide reputation. 

Humphrey's Good Samaritan is almost in- 
fallible in cases of sprains, bruises or pains, for 
man or beast. This fact has become too well 
known to require comment. 

We are now putting up handsome Veterinary 
Medicine Chests made of walnut, highly polished, 
containing a full line of Humphrey's Veterinary 
Remedies and a copy of The Veterinarian, 
handsomely bound. These chests are certainly 
a most valuable acquisition to every stable. 

If, at any time, any persons using our medi- 
cines want advice regarding sick animals will 
write to us, stating the facts plainly, we will give 



THE VETERINARIAN. 275 

them the best advice we can without any charges 
whatever. 

We also manufacture a few family medicines, 
which on trial will be found superior to any for 
the purpose, among which we mention Hum- 
phrey's Balsam of Honey and Tar, for 
coughs, colds, bronchial affections, consumption, 
etc. 

Loveland's Little Liver Pills cure head- 
ache, indigestion and sour stomach. 

Dr. Crosby's Liver and Blood Remedy 
cures liver complaints, piles, constipation of the 
bowels, etc. 

McDavitt's Magnetic Salve heals all kinds 
of sores, wounds, burns, scalds, etc. 

If your dealer does not keep these goods, send 
direct to us. 

Humphrey's Veterinary and 

Family Medicine M'f'g. Co., 

Newark, N. J. 
W. P. HUMPHREY, D. V. S, 



THE ACTION OF MEDICINES AND 



Agent. 




Acid, Acetic 



Carbolic 



' ' Hydrochloric 

" Nitric 

Aconite root, Tincture of. 

Alcohol 

Alum 

Aloes 



Ammonia, Water of 

Ammonia, Carbonate 

Ammonia, Liquor Acetates. 

Anise Seed 

Antimony, Butter of 

ArecaNut 



Arnica, Tincture of. 
Assaf oetida 



Arsenic. 



Belladonna, Fluid Extract — 

Buckthorn, Syrup of 

Calabar Bean, Powdered \ 

" Alkaloid of • 1 

Camphor 

Cantharidine 

Cayenne Pepper 

Catechu 

Castor Oil 

Chloral Hydrate 

Chloroform 



Colchicum 

Copper Sulphate 

Croton Seed 

Digitalis ,... 



Internally. 



Tonic 

Tonic 

Sedative 

Stimulant — 
Astringent. . 
Alterative {_ 
Purgative f 



Stimulant. . 
Diaphoretic. 
Aromatic .. 



Anthelmintic ( 
Destroys w'rms j 

Stimulant 

Antisposmotic... 
Alterative I 
Tonic {'•• 

Sedative \ 

Narcotic » 

Cathartic 

Peristalsis and.. 

Cathartic 

Narcotic 

Diuretic and i 
Stimulant ) ' " 

Stimulant 

Astringent 

Cathartic 

Narcotic 

Anaesthetic 

Diuretic | 

Laxative f 

Tonic 

Purgative 

Narcotic » 
Diuretic j" 



Antiseptic 
Rubefacient 



Caustic \ J 
Antiseptic J * ' ] 

Caustic 

Caustic 

Sedative.... . 

Stimulant 

Astringent 

Stimulant 

Stimulant ) 
Rubefacient j ' ' 



Externally. 
Action and 



Discutient. 
Caustic — 



Resolvent. 
Caustic... 



Discutient.. . . 

Blister 

Rubefacient. 



PROPER DOSES FOR DIFFERENT ANIMALS. 



Doss. 


Dose. 


Dose. 


Dose. 


Dose. 


Horse. 


Cattle. 


Sheep. 


Hog. 


Dog. 


For Sores: 
Crystalized 

Carbolic Acid 

1 part; Water 

40 parts. 

2to4dr 


1 

j-lSto^d'ps 
2to4dr 








5 to 8 drops.. 


5 to 8 drops.. 


1 to 2 drops. 


1 to 2dr 


2 to 3 dr.. 








15 to 20 drops 

1 oz 


15 to 30 drops 

lto3oz 

2 to 4 dr 


2 to 3 drops.. 

% oz 

J^toldr 


2 dr.......... 


1 to 2 drops. 
1 dr. 


2to3dr 


^ to 1 dr 


10 to 20 gr. 


2 to 10 dr.... 


lto2oz 


}4 to 1 oz 


2 to 5 dr. 


^ to 1^ dr. 


2 to4dr 

2to6oz 


3 to 6 dr 

2 to 6 oz 


15 to 60 gr.... 


15 to 60 gr. . . . 


3 to 8 gr. 


1 oz 


1 to 2 oz 


2 to 3 dr 


2to3dr 


20 to 50 gr. 


4to6dr 








% to 2 dr. 












1 to 3 dr 


lto4dr 

5 to 10 gr. .. 

2 to 3 dr 


1 dr 




10 to 20 gr. 


5tol0gr. ... 
1 to 2 dr 


1 to 2 gr 




1-10 to 1-5 gr. 


20 to 30 drops 




2 to 5 drops. 
1 to 3 oz. 








5 to 8 gr 








1 to 2 gr, 


i^gr 


J^gr 






1-20 gr. 


1 to 2 dr 


2to4dr 


20 to 40 gr. . . . 


20 to 40 gr.... 


5 to 10 gr. 


5 to 15 gr 


10 to 20 gr. . . . 


2 to 8 gr 


2 to 8 gr 


^to2gr. 


10 to 20 gr.... 


10 to 25 gr. . . . 








lto2dr 

1 pint 

Jr^tO \% oz.. 
HjtO 1% oz.. 


2to5dr 

1 pint 

1 to 2 oz 

1 to 2 oz 


lto2dr 

2 to 4 oz 

1 to 3 dr 

20 to 40 drops 


lto2dr 

2to4oz 

lto3dr 

20 to 40 drops 


5 to 20 gr. 
1 to 2 oz. 
10 to 30 gr. 
5 to 10 drops. 


ltoSdr 


lto3 dr 


10 to 20 gr. . . 


4to8gr 


2 to 8 gr. 


lto2dr 

20 to 35 gr... 


lto4dr 

40 to 50 gr.. . . 


20 to 30 gr.... 
6tol0gr 


5 to 10 gr 

5to8gr 


14 to 2 gr. 
1 to 6 gr. 


10 to 30 gr... 


30 to 60 gr.... 


8 to 15 gr 


2tol0gr 


1 to 4 gr, 



T3EIE A.CTi03ST O^ 



Agent. 



Internally. 

Action and 
Uses. 



Externally. 

Action and 
Uses. 



Epsom Salts 

Ether, Sulphuric. 
Gall, Nut .... 
Gentian Root... 



Ginger 

Glauber Salts 

Hyoscyamus, Fluid Extract. 

Humphrey's Fever Remedy . 
Humphrey's Nerve Remedy. 
Humphrey's Blood Remedy. 



Iodine 

Ipecacuan 

Iron Sulphate 

Jalap 

Juniper Oil 

Linseed Oil, Raw. 

Morphine 

Nux Vomica 

Podophyllin... .. 



Potassium, Iodite 

Potassium, Bromide I 
Saltpetre f 
Potassium, Nitrate.. 
Quinine 



Strichnine. 



Saliclyic Acid 

Silver, Nitrate 

Sulphur 

Sweet Spirits of Nitre. 

Turpentine, Spirits of. 



Cathartic 

Antispasmodic. 

Astringent. . . . 

Tonic 

Tonic 1 

Stimulant j ' * 

Cathartic 

Narcotic 

Sedative } 
and v . 

Diaphoretic j 

Tonic ) 
and V 

Diuretic ) 

Alterative ) 
and >.. 

Deobstruent ) 

Glandular ex- 
citant 

Emetic 

Tonic 

Purgative 

Diuretic 

Cathartic 

Narcotic 

Nerve Tonic 

Cathartic 

Alterative and 

Glandular ex- 
citant 

Alterative . 

Febrifuge I 

Diuretic j * ' 

Tonic 

Stimulant to ) 

the Motor > 

Nerves ) 



Glandular ex- ) 
citant f 



Caustic 

Laxative , 

Diuretic 

Diuretic and 
Antispasmodic 



Irritant 



3MIE£)lOIITES- — Contin-aed. 



Dose. 
Horse. 



2 to 8 oz. 
1 to 2 oz. 
4 to 5 dr.. 
4 to 8 dr.. 

4 to 8 dr.. 



1 to 2 dr., 
1 to 3 dr. . 



1 to 1J^ lbs. 

2 to 3oz... 
^ to 1 oz. . 
1 to 2oz.... 

1 to3oz.... 



6 to 20 oz. 
1 to 2 dr.. 



1 to 3 dr. 



1 to 3 dr.. 



10 to 40 gr. 



1 to 3 dr. 



lto2dr 

1 to 1)4 pint. 

2to6gr 

1 dr 

lto2dr 



Dose. 
Cattle. 



2 to 3 dr.. . 
30 to 60 gr. 
1 to 3 dr. . . 

lto2dr... 



1 to 4 dr. 



1 to 4 dr. 



1 to 4 dr. 



20 to 60 gr. 



2 to 4 dr. 



fcStol dr... 

1 to 3 dr 

2to6dr... . 
10 to 20 gr.. . 

1 to 3 gr 



1 to 2 dr.. 
5 to 10 gr. 
8 to 4 oz.. 
1 to 2 oz.. 



1 to 2 dr 

1 to 2 pints. . 
UtolOgr.... 

2to3dr 

1 to 2 dr.... 



2to3 dr 

2to4dr 

1 to 2 oz 

30 to 40 gr. . 

3to6gr 



1 to 2 oz. 



Dose. 
Sheep. 



Dose. 
Hog. 



2to4dr. ... 
30 to 60 gr. 
30 to 60 gr.. 

30 to 60 gr. 



ldr. 



ldr. 



ldr. 



5to30gr. 



to 30 gr. 



6 to 8 oz. . . 
^tolgr.. 
20 to 40 gr. 



1 to 2 dr.. 
5 to 10 gr. 
4 to 6 oz. . 
1 to 4 oz. . 

1 to 2 oz. . 



I 
20 to 60 gr.. 

20 to 60 gr.. 

1 to 2 dr.... 
5tol0gr... 

^tolgr... 

10 to 15 gr. . 

2 to 4 gr. . . 
1 to 2 oz. . . . 
2to4dr... 

1 to 2 dr.... 



ldr. 



ldr. 



ldr. 



ltolOgr... 

20 to 30 gr. 
10 to 20 gr. 
lto4dr... 



to 8 oz. . 
M to 1 gr. . 
10 to 20 gr. 



20 to 60 gr. 

20 to 60 gr. 
30 to 60 gr., 
4 to 10 gr. . , 



^tolgr. 
1 to 2 oz. . , 
1 to 2 dr.. 



Dose. 
Dog. 



I to 8 dr. 
SO to 60 drops. 
i to 10 gr. 
5 to 20 gr. 

10 to 30 gr. 



^dr. 



\4&t. 



2to6gr 

15 to 30 gr. 
5 to 10 gr. 
1 to 2 dr. 
5 to 10 drops. 
t to 2 oz. 
H to \i gr. 
I to 4 gr. 
1 to 2 gr. 

5 to 15 gr. 

5 to 15 gr. 
10 to 30 gr. 
1 to 5 gr. 

1-30 to 1-10 gr. 

10 to 15 gr. 
^to^gr. 

6 dr. 

15 to 60 drops. 

% to 1 dr. 



inferences. 



The following is a list of a number of firms who 
handle our goods and others with whom we have 
dealings. These we respectfully offer as reference. 

A. 

W. A. Applegate Stanhope, N. J. 

C. H. Adams Dunellen, N. J. 

Jno. C. Anderson Hazlet, N. J. 

J. D. Allen. Paterson, N. J. 

C. C. Abeel, Jr CatskiU, N. Y. 

Chas. D. Alger Preston Hollow, N. Y. 

J. H. Applegate Farmingdale, N. Y. 

J. A. Arey Pool, Rowan Co., N. C. 

American Merchants' Protective Association, 
N wark, N. J. 

N. C. Ames Madalin, N. Y. 

Wells Amerman Clifton, N. J. 

B. 

W. C. Brown South Amboy, N. J. 

Chas. W. Brower , Farmingdale, N. J. 

Wm. Berdine. New Brunswick, N. J. 



THE VETERINARIAN. 



W. P. Bunnell Roselle, N. J. 

Thos. Byrnes Trenton, N. J. 

Wm. Balliet Milford, N. J. 

Jas. Bartholomew Allen town, Pa. 

A. L. Balliet Cherryville, Pa. 

N. Bush Hyde Park, Pa. 

E . Buck Lackawaxen, Pa. 

Brown & Van Auken Dingsman's Ferry, N. Y. 

Geo. Branigan Blairstown, N. J. 

Frank Barron Washington, N. J. 

Thos. Broadhead Water Gap, Pa. 

H. Bundelman, Jr 207 E. 110th street, N. Y. City. 

J. K. Bertholf Crepskill, N.J. 

t. D. Brown Florida, N. Y. 

Jno. Bowne 282 Halsey street, Newark, N. J. 

O. T. Baxter 893 Broad street, Newark, N. J. 

D. A. Boardman Oneonta, N. Y. 

Bosshardt & Wilson. . .333 Walnut street, Phila., Pa. 

J. R. Bradner Newark, N. J. 

James B. Becker Schoharie, N. Y. 

James Blackburn. . .28 Bowery street, Newark, N. J. 

George Becker Renslerville, Albany Co., N. Y. 

J. P. Boughton .North Chatham, N. Y. 

Black Bros Fly Mountain, Ulster Co., N. Y. 

Charles Beyer 112 W. 19th street, N. Y. City. 

John Bartnett 225 E. 64th street, N. Y. City. 

Joseph Brown Highland, N. J. 

J. W. Butterworth Watsessing, N. J. 

John Brinkenhoff Ridgefield, N. J. 

Buck & Dolson Warwick, N. Y. 



REFERENCES. 



T. D. Barker Walden, N. Y. 

C. E. Brian Bridgeville, N. J. 

Geo. Burhans Saugerties, N. Y. 

C. 

C. N. Crittenton 115 Fulton street, N. Y. City. 

T. F. Clifford Morristown, N. J. 

C. T. Clark & Son Dover, N. J. 

J. W. Campbell Stanhope, N. J. 

R. E. Clayton Yardley, Pa. 

Jno. S. Ciirey .Trenton, N. J. 

Justus Cooper Byron Station, N. J. 

P. S. Coyne Old Forge, Pa. 

R. H. Compton Dunning, Pa. 

P. Casey, Boulevard, bet. 59th & 60th st. N. Y. City. 

Frank Crissman Milford, Pa. 

P. J. Carpenter, 1st av., bet. 59th & 60th sts., N.Y.C'y. 

Jas. B. Carson Bushkill, Pa. 

Card & Stuckey 206 E. 101st street, N. Y. City. 

Campbell, Morrell & Co Passaic, N. J. 

Thos. E. Carroll Marlborough, N. Y. 

J. J. Cassidy 70 So. Orange ave., Newark, N. J. 

David A. Conger Reidsville, Albany Co., N. Y, 

Thomas Corr 762 7th ave., N. Y. City. 

T. J. Cunningham. Mateawan, N. Y. 

C. Creamer & Bros., 226 &228 E. 65th st., N. Y. City. 

C. Creamer 113 E. 77th street, N. Y. City. 

Crosby & Smith 34, 36 & 38 Warwick street. 

Newark, N. J. 
David W. Cochran, V. S., 15 Vestry street, N.Y.C'y. 



THE VETERINARIAN. 



C. C. Corby Montclair, N. J. 

Robert Carse 3d street, E. Newark, N. J. 

Clark & Zugalla 337 E. 75th street, N. Y. City. 

N. Clark Cornwell Landing, N. Y. 

E. T. Condon Morristown, N. J. 

W. R. Courter Bloomfield, N. J. 

Jos. Capner So. Amboy, N. J. 

D. 

D. DeGraff Nyack, N. Y. 

Dempsey Bros Morristown, N. J. 

A. L. Davison Princeton, N. J. 

C. P. Dilks Palmyra, N. J. 

F. P. Diehl Leighton, Pa. 

W. A. Drinkwater, Riverside and Hudson streets, 

Yonkers, N. Y. 

Dennison Mfg. Co 44 Barclay street, N. Y. City. 

C. S. Demerest 200 Market street, Newark, N. J. 

A. W. Dodge Otisville, N. Y. 

O. J. Dennis 348 W. 42d st., N. Y. City. 

H. De Mott Liberty Corner, N. J. 

John A. Dick Stuyvesant Falls, N. Y. 

Dunn & Costello. ...65th st. & Boulevard, N. Y. City. 

R. H. Delavan Maiden Bridge, N. Y. 

John Donohue 207 E. 23d st., N. Y. City. 

Patrick Dunn 138 E. 32d st., N. Y. City. 

John Deming Millville Depot, Pike Co., Pa. 

Theo. Dufford Broad street, Newark, N. J. 



REFERENCES. 



E. 

Andrew Elliott Shenandoah, Pa. 

John Erk Seelyville, Pa. 

J. E. Everett Flatbrookville, N. J. 

F. B. Ely 701 Grand st., Jersey City, N. J. 

Richard Esher 273 Marshall st., Paterson, N. J. 

Elizabeth & Newark Horse R. R. Co. 

F. 

John H. Ford Heightstown, N. J. 

Pe'ter Faning Orange, N. J. 

W. H. Fisher Stockton, N. J. 

Geo. Fleck Jenkintown, Pa. 

H. A. Farrington Napanoch, N. Y. 

P. Fitzsimmons 901 6th ave., N. Y. City. 

Horace Ford Boonton, N. J. 

J. E. Ford Whippaney, N. J. 

Alfred Fraley 6 Atlantic st., Newark, N. J. 

George Ferguson 8 Spring st. , Sing Sing, N. Y. 

Wm. H. Fowler Englewood, N. J. 

Wm. H. Ford .344 Central av., Newark, N. J. 

First National Bank Elizabeth, N. J. 

John Flanery Scotch Plains, N. J. 

H. L. Fink. Westfield, N. J. 

G. 

George Green & Son Morristown, N. J. 

S. D. Gillespie , . . . Bound Brook, N. J. 

A. F. Graff Sellersville, Pa. 



THE VETERINARIAN. 



Wm. Gaston Hollisterville, Pa. 

M. Garry West 141st st., N. Y. City. 

Jas. Graham . . .Norwood, N. J. 

J. Gauch & Bro Newark, N. J. 

John W. Griffin 47 Hubert st., N. Y. City. 

Grover Bros 1 to 9 Cedar st., Newark, N. J. 

Gerity Bros 126 Lake st., Elmira, N. Y. 

M. A. Gorsline Orange, N. J. 

H. 

Harry Howard, Essex County Hunt .... Orange, N. J. 
Harris Bros. . . .19 Harrison ave., East Newark, N. J. 
E. T. Hart Washington st., Newark, N. J. 

E. J. Hesler Philmont, N. Y. 

R. Hover Germantown, N. Y. 

Miles Hazelton Middleburgh, N. Y. 

R. B. Hewitt 11 Maiden Lane, Newark, N. J. 

Haggerty Bros Allamuchey, N. J. 

Levi Holcomb Ringoes, N. J. 

W. F. Hamilton Orange, N. J. 

J.B.Howell Morrisville, Pa. 

Walter Hunt East Millstone, N. J. 

M. Hallman Ambler, Pa. 

Thos. Haggerty Tamaqua, Pa. 

Michael Haley Mahoney City, Pa. 

F. R. Hendershot ..... .Plymouth, Pa. 

O. A. Hoover Dallas, Pa. 

Jas. Haxton Dunning, Pa. 

Hornbeck & Bonnell Port Jervis, N. Y. 

Wm. G, Hull, Jv, ,,, , , , .Sing Sing, N. Y, 



REFERENCES. 



D. M. Hollenbeck Turners, N. Y. 

J. S. Hazard Gilboa, N. Y. 

Hoyt & Butler Hobart, N. Y. 

Hemstreet & Harrison Bloomfield, N. J. 

W. S. Hanlon Montgomery, N. Y. 

J. Harned & Bro Rahway, N. J. 

J. 

O. S. Jones Rahway, N. J. 

E. C. Jordan Burlington, N. J. 

W. B. Johnson .West Point, Pa. 

T. L. Johnson Northumberland, Pa. 

Wm. Jones .Slateford, Pa. 

K. 

J. W. Keloy Beverly, N. J. 

E. C. Krause Lansdale, Pa. 

C. M. Kaisinger , Sonderton, Pa. 

J. W. Keeley Danville, Pa. 

M. J. Keller Scranton, Pa. 

Valentine Kohl Middle Hope, N. Y. 

Jno. Kim^_erle, 62 Frelinghuysen ave., Newark, N. J. 
P. W. Kerwain, Willow Grove, Montgomery Co., Pa. 

Chas. Ketchem Mountainville, N. Y. 

John H. Kant Perth Amboy, N. J. 

L. 

Isaac S. Lucky Amity, Orange Co., N. Y. 

Lewis Bros, Mulberry and Market sts., Newark, N. J, 



THE VETERINARIAN. 



Lohsen & Willett Port Monmouth, N. J. 

Gilbert Lane Neshamc, N. J. 

W. B. Logan, Jr Norristown, Pa. 

Louis Lauer Ashland, Pa. 

E» i ward Lyons Halsey St., Newark, N. J. 

John Lawless. ...Hudson ave. and Bull's Ferry Road, 

Guttenburg, N. J. 
Ledwith Bros 1231 Second ave., N. Y. City. 

M. 

C. Musler • • .Orange, N. J. 

G. W. Mollison Perth Amboy, N. J. 

D. M. Merchant Morris Plains, N. J. 

A. Martin Atlantic Highlands, N. J. 

McDonough & Martin Plainfield, N. J. 

C. E. Moore Kingston, N. J. 

Jno. Magee Bordentown, N. J. 

Jno. McNeal Lansford, Pa. 

G. Marjenhoff 345 E. 63d St., N. Y. City. 

Henry Messenger 244 E. 75th st., N. Y. City. 

Alexander L. McClees . .Holmdel, N. J. 

Henry McNamee Fly Mountain, N. Y. 

Patrick McNerney East Kingston, N. Y. 

T. Maschy Clinton ave., Newark, N. J. 

C. H. McKee 283 Court st., Newark, N. J. 

Edward Moffit 159 Washington st., N. Y. City. 

T. Miskel. .Van Vorst & Morris st., Jersey City, N. J. 

Samuel Murray 159 E. 24th st., N. Y. City. 

Owen Meenagh 120 W. 50th st., N. Y. City. 

P. McKenna. , , •. , .261 W, 123d st., N. Y, City, 



REFERENCES. 



John McNally 128 E. 50th si, N. Y. City. 

John D. Messenger 80 Newark st., Hoboken, N.J. 

McLaughlin & Son 22 Fair st., Newark, N. J. 

Manitz Bros Cor Freeman st., and Valley Road, 

Orange Valley, N. J. 

M. Mohor & Son Orange, N. J. 

Metropolitan Printing Co 38 Veeey st., N. Y. 

Merchants' National Bank Newark, N. J. 

J. R. Martin & Co Eatontown, N. J. 

David Meredith Broadway & 55th st., N. Y. City. 

McDonough & Cranley Montclair, N. J. 

G. P. Merrill 1637 Broadway, N. Y. City. 

E. E. Maidhoff 140th st., & St. Nioholas ave., 

N. Y. City. 

N. 

Neidlinger Bros 27 Beekman st., N. Y. City. 

Nicoll & Smith 308 Springfield av., Newark, N. J. 

O. 

E. F. O'Neil Bloomfield, N. J. 

James A. O'Mara 20 N. Centre St., Orange, N. J. 

Osborne Patent Box Co., 316 Market st. .Newark, N. J. 
Orange Cross Town Horse R. R. Co. 

P. 

John Power Metuchen, N. J. 

G. H. Plume Caldwell, N. J. 

C, H, Pethick. , , ,, ,,,,,... .Bethany, Pa, 



THE VETEKINARLAN. 



M. Polsenski Kingsbridge, N. Y. 

Geo. Powell 67th st. & Boulevard, N. Y. City. 

Park, Davis & Co N. Y. City. 

W. D. Price Branchville, N. J. 

R. A. Price Morristown, N. J. 



R. 

J. J. Rue Marlboro, N. J. 

David Ryman Layton, N. J. 

C. S. Rule Princeton, N. J. 

Jno. F. Roller Rittersville, Pa. 

Ohas. E. Rice Bethlehem, Pa. 

Rushe & Blose Slatington, Pa. 

Wm, Ross Berwick, Pa. 

Wesley Rubert Beach Haven, Pa. 

A. M. Ryman Montague, N. J. 

David H. Ryman Markboro, N. J. 

Louis Reinhardt & Son 169th st. & N. Third av., 

N. Y. City. 

Dr. F. P. Roberge 1741 Broadway, N. Y. City. 

F. Risedorph Kinderhook, N. Y. 

John Ryan 1024 E. Grand st., Elizabeth. N. J. 

James Roche 314 E. 49th st., N. Y. City. 

Sanford E. Ryman Newark, N. J, 

R. M. Ross .Newark, N. J. 

Nicholas Reid Monroe, N. Y. 

L. Rhodes West Brookville, N. Y. 

Michael Regan. . . Frelinghuysen ave., Newark, N. J. 



REFERENCES. 



S. 

Barton Smith Dover, N. J. 

H. C. Snyder Morganville, N. J. 

C. B. Smith Newark, N. J. 

Z. Sutphin Lambertville, N. J. 

Cyrus Smith 414 Belleville ave., Newark, N. J. 

Frank Scheuermann Trenton, N. J. 

S. J. Stockar Phillipsburg, N. J. 

G. W. Snyder. Ruglesville, N. J. 

Chas. Schweitzer Weiesport, Pa. 

A. J. Smith Mauch Chunk, Pa. 

G. B. Schadt Shamokin, Pa. 

Stroh Bros Sunbury, Pa. 

E. F. Schlicter Talford, Pa. 

P. Scherer Orange Valley, N. J. 

G. K. Sutphin Orange, N. J. 

Henry Stube 403 W. 45th st., N. Y. City. 

Theo. Stillwell Morrisville, N. J. 

Mrs. J. Speller Southfield, N. Y. 

Frank Sheridan 10 Court st., Newark, N. J. 

Peter Smith 14 High st., Elizabeth, N. J. 

F. E. Stickel Staatsburg, Duchess Co., N. Y. 

James Stephens 80 Orange st., Newark, N. J. 

Alexander Spalding Cold Spring, N. Y. 

Joseph Stankiev. *cz Navesink, N. J. 

Henry Stingel 12 Main st., Yonkers, N. Y. 

James M. Stoll Hainsville, N. J. 

J. W. Shaw Kingston, N. Y. 

J. Shepherd. Unionville, N. Y. 



THE VETERINARIAN. 



W. Con. J. Smith Keyport, N. J. 

John J. Smith Peekskill, N. Y. 

T. 

J. L. Tice 133 Main St., Yonkers, N. Y. 

John M. Todd German Valley, N. J. 

J. Tremper West Nyack, N. Y. 

E. Traphagen Suffren, N. Y. 

Peter Tucker Denville, N. J. 

Townley Drug Co Newark, N. J. 

T. E. Tharp Flanders, N. J. 

John Thompson Main st., Woodbridge, N. J. 

U. 

John Umberham^r. ...Ferry st., and Hamburg place, 
Newark, N. J. 

V. 

Fred. Vogt S. Rondout, N. Y. 

D. E. Van Arden Tarrytown, N. Y. 

A. V. Van Duyn Middlebush, N. J. 

Mrs. M. E. Van Camp, 180 Brunswick ||st., Newark, 
N. J. 

Wm. Vreeland Danville, N. J. 

Fred. Vollmer Chester, N. Y. 

J. H. Vreeland 280 Halsey st., Newark, N. J. 

Martin Van Dyke Stuyvesant Falls, N. Y. 

Benjamin Vail Hughsonville, N. Y. 

A. J. Van Winkle, 404 Harrison av., E. Newark, N. J. 



REFERENCES. 



C. J. Vaninwegen Hugenut, N. Y. 

Vliet & Moore 418 Broad st., Newark, N. J. 



W. 



Geo. W. Way Bloomfield, N. J. 

Wells Bros., 648, 650 & 652 Communipaw av., Jersey 
City, N. J. 

W. E. Warn Keyport, N. J. 

Chas. H. Ward New Market, N. J. 

Whitehead's Pharmacy Elizabeth, N. J. 

J. W. Wiley Trenton, N. J. 

John B. Welch Easton, Pa. 

M. Woolston Florence, N. J. 

C. P. Wilcox Westfield, N. J. 

J. H. Wheeler Jenkintown, Pa. 

T. C. Whalon .Chalfant, Pa. 

H. B. Weaver Burlington, N. J. 

J. E. Williver Bloomsbury, Pa. 

W. A. Wagner West Nanticoke, Pa. 

D. B. Wickham Hawley, Pa. 

Jacob Willever Belviderc, N. J. 

S. Walling & Co Matawan, N. J. 

Whiteall, Tatum & Co. . . .46 Barclay st., N. Y. City. 

D. D. Williams Haverstraw, N. Y. 

Matthias Wortz Rhinebeck, N. Y. 

D. H. Wortman Broadway, Long Branch, N. J. 

Wm. F. Weidner, 35 Washington st., E. Newark, 

N. J. 



THE VETERINARIAN. 



J. A. Warrender 620 Orange st., Newark, N. J. 

Gottfried Wieland Milford, Pa. 

W. A. Ward , Brookside, N. J. 

Z. 

Zipf Bros 64 Bowery st., Newark, N. J. 



INDEX. 



Page. 

Air 9 

Administering medicines 21 

Amputation of the Penis 108 

Azoturia 157 

Amaurosis 169 

Aborting, (cows) 238 

Appendix 271 

Bedding 12 

Bran. . . 19 

Breaking 24 

Bleeding 106 

Breaking down Ill 

Bots 164 

Bronchitis 174 

Broken Wind 188 

Bone Spavin 193 

Bloody Urine 204 

Blood Spavin, Bog Spavin and Thoroughpin 209 

Biting 218 

Breech Presentation, (cows) 236 

Colic 67 

Cerebro Spinal Meningitis 71 

Corns 77 

Couching 86 

Cramp 88 

Casting 100 

Calculus or Stony Concretion 119 

Castration 123 

Capped Elbow or Shoe Boil 160 

Cleansing the Sheath 160 

Canker 178 

Crib Biting 182 



Paok. 

Chi-onic Cough . .189 

Curb 200 

Carditis 212 

Cut of Veterinary Medicine Chest 223 

Cows 225 

Contageous Pleuro Pneumonia 248 

Colic in Dogs 254 

Canker, (dogs) 255 

Constipation, (sheep) 265 

Caponizing Roosters 266 

Drench 23 

Diarrhoea 116 

Docking , 129 

Dentition of Animals 150 

Diseases of the Liver 151 

Decayed Structure of the Liver 153 

Distemper, (see also Pink Eye) 171 

Disease of the Heart 211 

Disease of the Head. .213 

Diarrhoea in Calves 230 

Diseases of the Udder, (cows) 239 

Dogs 252 

Distemper, (dogs) .258 

Diarrhoea, (sheep). 264 

Distemper in Fowls 266 

Extracting Teeth 150 

Enteritis or Inflammation of the Bowels 190 

Extraction of a Calf on its Back 236 

Food 15 

Flour 19 

Forging 56 

Faroy 85 

Fistulous Withers 95 

Firing 114 

Falling of the Sole 171 

False Quarters 205 

Founder 206 

Fractures 209 

Forelegs Presenting, (calving) 233 

Foul in the Foot 243 

Fleas, (dogs) 256 

Foot Rot, (sheep) 260 

Fowls.... 266 

Glanders 79 

Grease Heels 180 

Grubs in the Nostrils of Sheep 262 

Hay 20 

How to make a horse lie down 25 

How to accustom a horse to a bit 26 

How to saddle a colt 28 

How to mount a colt — 31 

How to ride a colt \ 34 



Page. 

Horseshoeing 41 

Hydrocele 88 

Hernia 112 

Hair Ball 119 

Hepatirrhoea 152 

Head Presenting, without legs, (cows) 235 

Inflammation of the Lungs 75 

Inflamed Veins 99 

Inordinate Appetite 117 

Inflammation of the Liver 154 

Inflammation of the Membrane Nictitans 168 

Inflammation 176 

Inflammation of the Bladder 201 

Inflammation of the Brain 214 

Injuries to the Teats, (cows) 242 

Indigestion, (dogs) 252 

Inversion of the Uterus 245 

Inflammation of the Lungs, (sheep; 263 

Jaundice 156 

Light 13 

Linseed 20 

Locked- jaw 81 

Lampas 219 

Loss of Cud, (cows) 231 

Lice, (dogs) 257 

Mange 90 

Megrims 215 

Method of Spaying 225 

Mammites 239 

Milk, or Purpural Fever, (cows) 250 

Neurotomy or Nerving 96 

Nicking 131 

Navicularthritis 171 

Not Lying Down 184 

Natural Labor, (cows) 232 

Oats 17 

Oatmeal 17 

Oesophagotomy 110 

Ossification of the Lateral Cartilages 174 

Ostitis 193 

Open Joints 207 

One Foreleg Presenting, (cows) 235 

Obstruction at the end of the Teats 241 

Obstruction in the Teats, (cows) 242 

Overgrowth of Claws, (dogs) 260 

Pricked 57 

Pink Eye 60 

Purpuria Hemorrhagica 64 

Pneumonia 75 

Poll Evil 93 

Profuse Stalling 162 

Peritonitis 192 



Page. 

Parturation, (cows) 232 

Perpetual Bulling, (cows) 251 

Quarter Crack and Toe Crack 55 

Roweling 114 

Rupture of the Stomach 118 

Roaring and Whistling 187 

Ring Bone 196 

Retention of Urine 202 

Removal of the Afterbirth, (cows) 228 

Stable Management 12 

Surfeit 87 

Saddle and Harness Galls 89 

Surgical Cases 96 

Simple Opthalmia 103 

Specific Opthalmia 104 

Strangulation of the Intestines 120 

Slobbering 151 

Stoppage of Water 162 

Stones in the Bladder 163 

Scratches 179 

Swollen Limbs 181 

Strangles, (see also Pink Eye) 185 

Splints 197 

Stifled or Dislocation of the Patella 199 

Strains of the Knee 201 

Sweenie 207 

Spring Halt 208 

Stomach Staggers 216 

sdy Toe 221 

of Labor, (cows) 232 

jre t Chapoed Teats and Chafed Udder 243 

oalt ". 244 

Staggers 245 

Stomach of a Cow 252 

Sore Feet, (dogs) 259 

Sheep 260 

Sheep Wash for Vermin 262 

The Pulse 10 

The proper way to bit a colt .27 

To break a horse to harness 36 

To Prevent Interfering 

Tenotomy 107 

Tapping the Chest 109 

Tracheotomy 115 

Thrush 222 

The Teeth 135 

Tetenus or Locked-jaw, (cows) 243 

Ticks, (dogs) 257 

Tympanites, (sheep) 265 

To make Hens Lay 266 

Ulceration of the Udder 95 

Unnatural Labor, (cows) 7 238 



Page. 

Vermin in Cattle .244 

White Water 18 

Wheat, Barley, Rye, etc i. 18 

Warranty 38 

Water 59 

Worms 121 

Water Farcy 181 

Wind Sucking 183 

Wolf 1 eath 187 

Warts 220 

Warts, (dogs) 255 

Worms, " 257 



a> 



rr 







LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 



002 843 245 8 



